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Publications @ Colorado State University



Full fluorescence paper of Eu3+ induced diblock copolymer nanoaggregates for negative multiple mode photon information storage and encryption

Chen W, Tang Q, Xu R, Liu J, Wang Y, Wang W, Wang Y, Snow CD, Kipper MJ, Belfiore LA; Tang J. (2024) Appl. Mater. Today



A smart microporous block copolymer membrane containing fluorescent europium complexes reports drug release through fluorescence changes

Xu R; Wang J; Li Z; Wang B; Shen W; Wang Y; Wang W; Wang Y; Li J; Snow CD; Kipper MJ; Belfiore LA; Tang J. (2024) J. Mater. Chem. C.



Tuning chemical DNA ligation within DNA crystals and protein-DNA co-crystals

Orun AR, Slaughter CK, Shields ET, Vajapayajula A, Jones S, Shrestha R, Snow CD (2024) ACS Nanoscience Au. in press.




PAbFold: Linear Antibody Epitope Prediction using AlphaFold2

DeRoo J, Terry JS, Zhao N, Stasevich TJ, Snow CD, Geiss BJ (2024) eLife.




Porous protein crystals: synthesis and applications

Jones AA, Snow CD (2024) Chem. Commun.


Laboratory Evolution of Substrate Recognition and Nanoparticle Product Size

Hendricks A, Cohen R, McEwen G, Tien T, Guilliams B, Alspach A, Snow CD, Ackerson C (2024) ACS Chem. Biol.


DNA Hybrid Flourescent Chrominance Sensor: Drug Sensing through Direct Gradient Flourescent Color Transformation of Hybrid DNA Crystals Loaded Lanthanide (Eu3+/Tb3+) Complexes

Zhao S; Xiu D; Zhang M; Wang Y; Qiu M; Snow CD; Wang Y; Belfiore LA; Tang J (2024) J. Crystal Growth.



Ligand presentation inside protein crystal nanopores: Tunable interfacial adhesion noncovalently modulates cell attachment

Wang D, Hedayati M, Stuart JD, Madruga LYC, Popat KC, Snow CD, Kipper MP (2023) Materials Today Nano.


Improved performance for polymer solar cells though photon energy harvesting and down-conversion of Eu3+-induced diblock polymer aggregates (EIPAs)

Long Z, Li Shuxin, Shen W, Li T, Wang Y, Guo S, Kipper MK, Snow CD, Belfiore LA, Tang J. (2023) J. Mater. Chem. C.




Modular Protein-DNA Cocrystals as Precise, Programmable Assembly Scaffolds

Orun, AR, Shields, ET, Dmytriw S, Vajapayajula A, Slaughter CK, and Snow CD (2023) ACS Nano.




Textile Functionalization by Porous Protein Crystal Conjugation and Guest Molecule Loading

Hartje LF, Andales DA, Gintner LP, Johnson LB, Li YV, Snow CD (2023) Crystals.




Scalable Combinatorial Assembly of Synthetic DNA for Tracking Applications

Stuart JD, Wickenkamp NR, Davis KA, Meyer C, Kading RC, Snow CD (2023) Int. J. Mol. Sci.




Mosquito Tagging Using DNA-Barcoded Nanoporous Protein Microcrystals

Stuart JD, Hartman DA, Gray LI, Jones AA, Wickenkamp NR, Hirt C, Safira A, Regas AR, Kondash TM, Yates ML, Driga S, Snow CD, Kading RC (2022) PNAS Nexus



Lanthanide (Eu3+/Tb3+)-Loaded gamma-Cyclodextrin Nano-Aggregates for Smart Sensing of the Anticancer Drug of Irinotecan

Guo Y, Liu J, Tang Q, Li C, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Wang Y, Bi Y, Snow CD, Kipper MK, Belfiore LA, Tang J. (2022) Internation Journal Molecular Sciences.



Conditionally Designed Luminescent DNA Crystals Doped by Ln3+(Eu3+/Tb3+) Complexes or Fluorescent Proteins with Smart Drug Sensing Property

Xiu D, Zhao S, Li Z, Xu Y, Wang Y, Zhe Z, Zhang M, Snow CD, Belfiore LA, Tang J. (2022) J Materials Chemistry B.




Stabilizing DNA-Protein Co-Crystals via Intra-Crystal Chemical Ligation of the DNA

Ward AR, Dmytriw S, Vajapayajula A, Snow CD, (2021) Crystals.



Stable Fluorescence of Eu3+ Complex Nanostructures Beneath a Protein Skin for Potential Biometric Recognition

Zhao Y, Yao Z, Snow CD, Xu Y, Wang Y, Xiu D, Belfiore LA, Tang J. (2021) Nanomaterials.




Measuring interactions of DNA with nanoporous protein crystals by atomic force microscopy

Wang D, Stuart JD, Jones AA, Snow CD, Kipper MJ (2021) Nanoscale.



Histidine polypeptide-hybridized nanoscale metal-organic framework to sense drug loading/release

Yanan X, Zhenhua L, Xiu D, Sun G, Snow CD, Wang Y, Wang Y, Belfiore LA, Tang J. (2021) Materials & Design



Design of genetically-encoded sensors to detect nucleosome ubiquitination in live cells

Passos CDS, Choi Y-S, Snow CD, Cohen RE, Yao T. (2021) J Cell Biology



Near infrared emitting and biocompatible Yb3+-DNA complexes with dual responses to Cu2+ and Fe3+.

Li Z, Sun G, Snow CD, Xu Y, Wang Y, Xiu D, Zhang U, Zhu Z, Belfiore LA, Tang J. (2020) Optical Materials




Porous protein crystals as scaffolds for structural biology

Ward AR, Snow CD (2020) Curr. Opin. Struct. Biol.






Porous protein crystals as scaffolds for enzyme immobilization

Kowalski AE*, Johnson LB*, Dierl HK, Park S, Huber TR, Snow CD (2019) Biomater. Sci.



Advancing biomarkers for anaerobic o-xylene biodegradation via metagenomic analysis of a methanogenic consortium

Rossmassler K, Snow CD, Taggart D, Brown C, De Long SK (2019) Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol.






Protein crystal based materials for nanoscale applications in medicine and biotechnology

Hartje LF, Snow CD (2018) WIREs Nanomedicine and Nanobiotechnology

Drug Sensing of Protein Crystals Doped with Luminescent Lanthanide Complexes

Sun G, Tang J, Snow CD, Li Z, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Belfiore LA. (2019) Cryst. Growth Des.



Enhancing the Power Conversion Efficiency for Polymer Solar Cells by Incorporating Luminescent Nanosolid Micelles as Light Converter

Wang D, Shen W, Tang J, Wang Y, Liu J, Want X, Yang R, Snow CD, Huang Linjun, Jiao Jiqing, Wang Y, Want W, Belfiore LA. (2018) ACS Appl. Energy Mater.






Synthesis of luminescent lanthanide complexes within crosslinked protein crystal matrices

Zhang Y, Zhang X, Tang J, Snow CD, Sun G, Kowalski AE, Hartje LF, Zhao N, Wanga Y, Belfiore LA. (2018) Cryst. Eng. Comm.






Characterizing the Cytocompatibility of Various Cross-Linking Chemistries for the Production of Biostable Large-Pore Protein Crystal Materials

Hartje LF, Bui HT, Andales DA, James SP, Huber TR, Snow CD. ACS Biomater. Sci. Eng. (2018)






Installing Guest Molecules at Specific Sites within Scaffold Protein Crystals

Huber TR, McPherson EC, Keating CE, Snow CD. Bioconj. Chem. (2018) 29(1):17-22






Adsorbtion-Coupled Diffusion of Gold Nanoclusters Within a Large-Pore Protein Crystal Scaffold

Hartje LF, Munsky B, Ni TW, Ackerson CJ, Snow CD. J Phys. Chem. B (2017) 121(32):7652-7659


Programmed Assembly of Host-Guest Protein Crystals

Huber TR, Hartje LF, McPherson EC, Kowalski AE, Snow CD. Small (2016) 13(7):1602703






Gold Nanoparticle Capture Within Protein Crystal Scaffolds

Kowalski AE, Huber TR, Ni TW, Hartje LF, Appel KL, Yost JW, Ackerson CJ, Snow CD. RSC Nanoscale (2016) 8(25):12693-6.




A Structure-Based Design Protocol for Optimizing Combinatorial Protein Libraries

Lunt MW, Snow CD. Methods Mol. Biol. (2016) 1414 99-138.






Optimizing Shape Complementarity Scoring Parameters for Recognition of Authentic Crystal Packing Arrangements

Bennett JA, Snow CD. Cryst. Growth Des. (2016)






Characterization of supercharged cellulase activity and stability in ionic liquids

Johnson LB, Park S, Gintner LP, Snow CD. J. Mol. Catalysis. B: Enzymatic (2016) 132: 84-90






Molecular dynamics simulations of cellulase homologs in aqueous 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride

Johnson LB, Snow CD. J. Biomol. Struct. Dyn. (2016)






Discriminating between stabilizing and destabilizing protein design mutations via recombination and simulation

Johnson LB, Gintner LP, Park S, Snow CD. P.E.D.S. (2015) 28(8): 259-267.




Methods for Library-Scale Computational Protein Design

Johnson LB, Huber TR, Snow CD. Methods Mol. Biol. (2014) 1216 129-59.
Publications @ Caltech





Comparison of random mutagenesis and semi-rational designed libraries for improved cytochrome P450 BM3-catalyzed hydroxylation of small alkanes

Mike Chen, Christopher Snow, Christina Vizcarra, Stephen Mayo, and Frances Arnold. Protein Eng. Des. Sel. (2012)




Engineered ketol-acid reductoisomerase and alcohol dehydrogenase enable anaerobic 2-methypropan-1-ol production at theoretical yield in Escherichia coli

Sabine Bastian, Xiang Liu, Joseph Meyerowitz, Christopher Snow, Mike Chen, Frances Arnold. Metab. Eng. (2011), 13, 345-352.




Polarizable Protein Packing

Albert Ng and Christopher Snow J. Comp. Chem. (2011), 32, 1334-1344.




Combinatorial alanine substitution enables rapid optimization of cytochrome P450BM3 for selective hydroxylation of large substrates

Jared Lewis, Simone Mantovani, Yu Fu, Christopher Snow, Russell Komor, Chi-Huey Wong, and Frances Arnold. Chem. BioChem. (2010), 11, 2502-2505.




Efficient screening of fungal cello-biohydrolase class I enzymes for thermo-stabilizing sequence blocks by SCHEMA structure-guided recombination

Pete Heinzelman, Russell Komor, Arvind Kanaan, Philip Romero, Xinlin Yu, Shannon Mohler, Christopher Snow and Frances Arnold. Protein Engineering, Design and Selection (2010) dio: 10.1093/protein/gzq063




SCHEMA Recombination of a Fungal Cellulase Uncovers a Single Mutation that Contributes Markedly to Stability

Pete Heinzelman, Christopher D. Snow, Matthew A. Smith, Xinlin Yu, Arbind Kannan, Kevin Boulware, Alan Villalobos, Sridhar Govindarajan, Jeremy Minshull, and Frances H. Arnold. J. Biol. Chem. (2009) 284:26229-26233.




A Family of Thermostable Fungal Cellulases Created by Structure-Guided Recombination

Pete Heinzelman, Christopher D. Snow, Indira Wu, Catherine Nguyen, Alan Villalobos, Sridhar Govindarajanm Jeremy Minshull and Frances H. Arnold. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (2009) 106(14):5610-5615.




SHARPEN: Systematic Hierarchical Algorithms for Rotamers and Proteins on an Extended Network

Ilya V. Loksha, James R. Maiolo III, Cheng Hong, Albert Ng, and Christopher D. Snow. Journal of Computational Chemistry (2009) 30(6):999-1005.




Evolutionary history of the emergence of a specialized cytochrome P450 propane mono-oxygenase

Rudi Fasan, Yergalem T. Meharenna, Christopher D. Snow, Thomas L. Poulos, and Frances H. Arnold. Journal of Molecular Biology (2008) 383(5), 1069-1080.




Hunting for predictive computational drug discovery models

Christopher D. Snow. Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy (2008) 6(3)




A diverse family of thermostable cytochrome P450s created by recombination of stabilizing fragments

Yougen Li, Alan D. Drummond, Andrew M. Sawayama, Christopher D. Snow, Jesse D. Bloom, Frances H. Arnold. Nature Biotechnology (2007)


Publications @ Stanford





Non-bulk-like Solvent Behavior in the Ribosome Exit Tunnel

Del Lucent, Christopher Snow, Colin Aitken, Eric Sorin, Sung-Joo Lee & Vijay S. Pande. PLoS Comp. Bio. (2010), 6, e1000963.

Side-chain recognition and gating in the ribosome exit tunnel

Paula Petrone, Christopher D. Snow, Del Lucent & Vijay S. Pande. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (2008) 105(43), 16549-16554.




Electric Fields at the Active Site of an Enzyme: Direct Comparison of Experiment with Theory

Ian Suydam, Christopher D. Snow, Vijay S. Pande & Stephen G. Boxer. Science (2006)




Kinetic Definition of Protein Folding Transition State Ensembles and Reaction Coordinates

Christopher D. Snow, Young Min Rhee, & Vijay S. Pande. Biophysical Journal (2006)




Direct calculation of the binding free energies of FKBP ligands

Hideaki Fujitani, Yoshiaki Tanida, Masakatsu Ito, Guha Jayachandran, Christopher D. Snow, Michael R. Shirts, Eric J. Sorin, & Vijay S. Pande. Journal of Chemical Physics (2005) 123(8),084108

How well can simulation predict kinetics and thermodynamics of protein folding?

Christopher D. Snow, Eric Sorin, Young Min Rhee, & Vijay S. Pande. Annual Review of Biophysics and Biomolecular Structure




Dimerization of the p53 oligomerization domain: Identification of a folding nucleus by molecular dynamics simulations

Lillian T. Chong, Christopher D. Snow, Young Min Rhee, & Vijay S. Pande. Journal of Molecular Biology (2004) 345(4), 869-78.




Trp zipper folding kinetics by molecular dynamics and temperature-jump spectroscopy

Christopher D. Snow, Linlin Qiu, Deguo Du, Feng Gai, Stephen J. Hagen, & Vijay S. Pande. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (2004) 101(12), 4077-4082.

Using path sampling to build better Markovian state models: Predicting the folding rate and mechanism of a tryptophan zipper beta hairpin

Nina Singhal, Christopher D. Snow, and Vijay S. Pande. The Journal of Chemical Physics (2004) 121(1) 415-425.






Absolute comparison of simulated and experimental protein-folding dynamics

Christopher D. Snow, Houbi Nguyen, Vijay S. Pande, Martin Gruebele. Nature AOP, published online 20 October 2002; doi:10.1038/nature01160. Nature (2002) 420(6911), 102-106.


Up Front: Science Behind the Screens

HHMI Bulletin - M. Mitchell Waldrop

The Trp Cage: Folding Kinetics and Unfolded State Topology via Molecular Dynamics Simulations

Christopher D. Snow, Bojan Zagrovic, Vijay S. Pande. J. Am. Chem. Soc. (2002) 124(49), 14548-14549.



Native-like Mean Structure in the Unfolded Ensemble of Small Proteins

Bojan Zagrovic, Christopher D. Snow, Siraj Khaliq, Michael R. Shirts, Vijay S. Pande. J. Mol. Biol. (2002) 323(1), 153-164.

Simulation of folding of a small alpha-helical protein in atomistic detail using worldwide-distributed computing

Bojan Zagrovic, Christopher D. Snow, Michael R. Shirts, Vijay S. Pande. J. Mol. Biol. (2002) 323(5), 927-937.

Atomistic protein folding simulations on the submillisecond time scale using worldwide distributed computing

Vijay S. Pande, Ian Baker, Jarrod Chapman, Sidney Elmer, Stefan M. Larson, Young Min Rhee, Michael R. Shirts, Christopher D. Snow, Eric J. Sorin, Bojan Zagrovic. Biopolymers (2002) 68(1): 91-109.


Folding@Home and Genome@Home: Using distributed computing to tackle previously intractable problems in computational biology

Stefan M. Larson, Christopher D. Snow, Michael R. Shirts, Vijay S. Pande. Computational Genomics, Richard Grant, editor, Horizon Press
Publications @ MIT





Surface Salt Bridges, Double-Mutant Cycles, and Protein Stability: an Experimental and Computational Analysis of the Interaction of the Asp 23 Side Chain with the N-Terminus of the N-Terminal Domain of the Ribosomal Protein L9

Donna L. Luisi, Christopher D. Snow, Jo-Jin Lin, Zachary S. Hendsch, Bruce Tidor, Daniel P. Raleigh. Biochemistry (2003) 42(23), 7050-7060.