{"id":204,"date":"2020-02-17T17:01:01","date_gmt":"2020-02-18T00:01:01","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.engr.colostate.edu\/projects\/cch\/?page_id=204"},"modified":"2021-12-08T12:02:56","modified_gmt":"2021-12-08T19:02:56","slug":"research","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.engr.colostate.edu\/projects\/cch\/research\/","title":{"rendered":"Research"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"204\" class=\"elementor elementor-204\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-823d758 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"823d758\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-63d2f89\" data-id=\"63d2f89\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9fa68a8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-menu-anchor\" data-id=\"9fa68a8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"menu-anchor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-menu-anchor\" id=\"top\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bfaa68b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"bfaa68b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li><a href=\"#PFAS\">Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs)<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#computationalchem\">Computational Chemistry<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#cryocore\">Cryogenic Coring and High-Throughput Core Analysis<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#eletrolytictreatment\">Electrolytic Treatment<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#fracking\">Environmental Impacts of Hydraulic Fracturing<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#GSIs\">LNAPLs at Groundwater Surface water Interfaces (GSIs)<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#lowk\">Low-k Zones<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#persistent\">Persistent Contaminants<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#sheens\">Sheens<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#zvi\">ZVI-Clay Soil Mixing<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a4f8486 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a4f8486\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-52b344c\" data-id=\"52b344c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f3c4780 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"f3c4780\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f9ba9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-menu-anchor\" data-id=\"3f9ba9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"menu-anchor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-menu-anchor\" id=\"PFAS\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-278e44d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"278e44d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-09c6a35 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"09c6a35\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8aa664e\" data-id=\"8aa664e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e30630d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e30630d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>PFAS are highly persistent chemicals\u00a0that occur in numerous consumer products, industrial applications, and aqueous film-forming foams (AFFFs). Our work is aimed at advanced\u00a0analysis of PFAS in the environment and the development of technologies and treatment trains that lead to their destruction. We are using a dedicated LC\/QQQ-MS for their accurate quantification, an LC\/QTOF-MS for non-targeted analysis of precursor compounds and transformation intermediates, and ultrahigh-resolution FT-ICR MS in collaboration with the National MagLab for environmental forensics. We study their breakdown via electrochemical oxidation, sonolysis, incineration, and biotransformation, and combine these technologies with pre-concentration approaches such as nanofiltration or sorption to increase (cost-)efficiency and overall sustainability. We also apply quantum chemical models to unveil reaction mechanisms, kinetics, and pathways.<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-287 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/www.engr.colostate.edu\/projects\/cch\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/14\/2020\/02\/PFCs-300x106.png\" alt=\"Perfluorinated Chemicals\" width=\"300\" height=\"106\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.engr.colostate.edu\/projects\/cch\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/14\/2020\/02\/PFCs-300x106.png 300w, https:\/\/www.engr.colostate.edu\/projects\/cch\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/14\/2020\/02\/PFCs.png 377w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d221497 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d221497\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: right\"><a href=\"#top\">Return to top \u2191<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c2982ba elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"c2982ba\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b813b38 elementor-widget elementor-widget-menu-anchor\" data-id=\"b813b38\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"menu-anchor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-menu-anchor\" id=\"computationalchem\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5075cfa elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"5075cfa\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Computational Chemistry<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f02eba5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f02eba5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Our environment contains thousands of poorly characterized contaminants out in the environment. Instead of spending large amounts of time and money through experimental studies, we are conducting quantum chemical calculations to elucidate contaminant reactivity. Using powerful supercomputers, degradation pathways, kinetics, mechanisms, and necessary redox conditions can be determined theoretically with high accuracy.<\/p><p><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-274 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/www.engr.colostate.edu\/projects\/cch\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/14\/2020\/02\/computationalchem-285x300.jpg\" alt=\"computational chemistry diagram\" width=\"285\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.engr.colostate.edu\/projects\/cch\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/14\/2020\/02\/computationalchem-285x300.jpg 285w, https:\/\/www.engr.colostate.edu\/projects\/cch\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/14\/2020\/02\/computationalchem.jpg 333w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 285px) 100vw, 285px\" \/><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-456ff27 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"456ff27\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: right\"><a href=\"#top\">Return to Top \u2191<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9eebbf8 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"9eebbf8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-4fb5a17 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"4fb5a17\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a58d6ca\" data-id=\"a58d6ca\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6e63acd elementor-widget elementor-widget-menu-anchor\" data-id=\"6e63acd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"menu-anchor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-menu-anchor\" id=\"cryocore\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a66d009 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"a66d009\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Cryogenic Coring and High-Throughput Core Analysis<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-664b135 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"664b135\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Over the past decade arguments have grown louder that we need to rethink site characterization to get remediation right. The well-known limitations of monitoring-well-based and high-resolution strategies provide a basis for advancing novel site characterization strategies centered on cryogenic coring and high-throughput core analysis (HTCA). NAPL-contaminated frozen cores are generated in both lab and field, and analyzed using modern scanning techniques such as nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), computerized tomography (CT) scans, and ultrasound. The overarching goal of this approach is to provide more accurate site characterization data sets that would support more efficient site remedies, while reducing sampling unit cost at the same time.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-ad2da14 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ad2da14\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-2d7a01c\" data-id=\"2d7a01c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-872973e elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"872973e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"269\" height=\"280\" src=\"https:\/\/www.engr.colostate.edu\/projects\/cch\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/14\/2020\/02\/cryocore1.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-277\" alt=\"Cryocore field work\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-5d1b45b\" data-id=\"5d1b45b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-11cd34b elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"11cd34b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"254\" height=\"280\" src=\"https:\/\/www.engr.colostate.edu\/projects\/cch\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/14\/2020\/02\/cryocore2.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-278\" alt=\"\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-93962c0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"93962c0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: right\"><a href=\"#top\">Return to Top \u2191<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-47e7f87 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"47e7f87\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7e1784a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7e1784a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-1b9b48c\" data-id=\"1b9b48c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2204c24 elementor-widget elementor-widget-menu-anchor\" data-id=\"2204c24\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"menu-anchor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-menu-anchor\" id=\"eletrolytictreatment\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9a9021f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"9a9021f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Electrolytic Treatment<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3a9b717 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3a9b717\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Contaminant degradation is all about electron transfer. Instead of relying on chemicals or bacteria to transfer electrons, electrolytic treatment uses a direct current applied to porous mixed metal oxide-coated titanium electrodes. Various lab- and field-scale demonstrations have proven both technical and economical feasibility of this technology for a wide variety of chemicals, such as chlorinated solvents, explosives, flowback from hydraulic fracturing, and other contaminants. Electrolytic treatment can be designed as permeable reactive barrier (e-barrier), batch or flow-through reactor, and can be combined with catalyst or sorbent as inter-electrode material.<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-281 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.engr.colostate.edu\/projects\/cch\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/14\/2020\/02\/Electrolytic-Treatment.jpg\" alt=\"eletrolytic treatment\" width=\"500\" height=\"253\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.engr.colostate.edu\/projects\/cch\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/14\/2020\/02\/Electrolytic-Treatment.jpg 500w, https:\/\/www.engr.colostate.edu\/projects\/cch\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/14\/2020\/02\/Electrolytic-Treatment-300x152.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b8b8387 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b8b8387\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: right\"><a href=\"#top\">Return to Top \u2191<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a4bb4d0 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"a4bb4d0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8af181b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8af181b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b18feff\" data-id=\"b18feff\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a1e7d10 elementor-widget elementor-widget-menu-anchor\" data-id=\"a1e7d10\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"menu-anchor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-menu-anchor\" id=\"fracking\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a23b453 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"a23b453\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Environmental Impacts of Hydraulic Fracturing<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d979459 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d979459\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Hydraulic fracturing is the process of propagating fractures in rock or shales to enable or enhance natural gas or petroleum extraction. The use of chemicals in the fluids injected into the subsurface has raised public concern about potential contamination of surface and ground water. To address these concerns and help ensure a clean, safe and sustainable extraction of our natural energy resources, we are developing analytical methods for hydraulic fracturing chemicals and investigating their fate under environmental and down-hole conditions.<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-283 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.engr.colostate.edu\/projects\/cch\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/14\/2020\/02\/Hydraulic-Fracturing.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"376\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.engr.colostate.edu\/projects\/cch\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/14\/2020\/02\/Hydraulic-Fracturing.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.engr.colostate.edu\/projects\/cch\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/14\/2020\/02\/Hydraulic-Fracturing-239x300.jpg 239w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-943a932 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"943a932\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: right\"><a href=\"#top\">Return to Top \u2191<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fe2a366 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"fe2a366\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-4ab60f8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"4ab60f8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-21d12d9\" data-id=\"21d12d9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bd3548e elementor-widget elementor-widget-menu-anchor\" data-id=\"bd3548e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"menu-anchor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-menu-anchor\" id=\"GSIs\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-50fc8a7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"50fc8a7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">LNAPLs at Groundwater Surface Water Interfaces (GSIs)\n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c00acd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c00acd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>CSU is conducting ongoing r<\/p><p>esearch to investigate petroleum releases and migration. This project explores the efficacy of using capillary barriers and organoclay barriers to preclude LNAPL migration to GSIs. The three downloadable movies provide a unique visualization of capillary and organoclay barriers. (Developed by Alison Hawkins, Dr. Julio Zimbron, and Dr. Tom Sale, 2012).<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><div style=\"width: 720px;\" class=\"wp-video\"><video class=\"wp-video-shortcode\" id=\"video-204-1\" width=\"720\" height=\"480\" autoplay preload=\"metadata\" controls=\"controls\"><source type=\"video\/mp4\" src=\"https:\/\/www.engr.colostate.edu\/projects\/cch\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/14\/2021\/12\/CB.mp4?_=1\" \/><a href=\"https:\/\/www.engr.colostate.edu\/projects\/cch\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/14\/2021\/12\/CB.mp4\">https:\/\/www.engr.colostate.edu\/projects\/cch\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/14\/2021\/12\/CB.mp4<\/a><\/video><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9fe0813 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9fe0813\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: right\"><a href=\"#top\">Return to Top \u2191<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f450792 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"f450792\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-fa0da8c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"fa0da8c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-96af861\" data-id=\"96af861\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c7ba9e7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-menu-anchor\" data-id=\"c7ba9e7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"menu-anchor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-menu-anchor\" id=\"lowk\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d92c2d6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"d92c2d6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Low-k Zones<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-263fded elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"263fded\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Low permeability zones can act as a secondary source of chlorinated solvents in transmissive zones for decades after the primary source has been removed or isolated. Unfortunately, limiting releases of chlorinated solvents from low permeability zones can be challenging.<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><div style=\"width: 640px;\" class=\"wp-video\"><video class=\"wp-video-shortcode\" id=\"video-204-2\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\" autoplay preload=\"metadata\" controls=\"controls\"><source type=\"video\/mp4\" src=\"https:\/\/www.engr.colostate.edu\/projects\/cch\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/14\/2021\/12\/Matrix-Diff.mp4?_=2\" \/><a href=\"https:\/\/www.engr.colostate.edu\/projects\/cch\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/14\/2021\/12\/Matrix-Diff.mp4\">https:\/\/www.engr.colostate.edu\/projects\/cch\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/14\/2021\/12\/Matrix-Diff.mp4<\/a><\/video><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-755a21f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"755a21f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: right\"><a href=\"#top\">Return to Top \u2191<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7de87f3 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"7de87f3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-f65941d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"f65941d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ea79d14\" data-id=\"ea79d14\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f893b3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-menu-anchor\" data-id=\"3f893b3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"menu-anchor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-menu-anchor\" id=\"persistent\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-efc08fe elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"efc08fe\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Persistent Contaminants<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f1a6e7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f1a6e7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Our environment holds a multitude of persistent contaminants in the environment. Many of these contaminants are hydrophobic and relatively immobile (such as PCBs). Others are hydrophilic and may travel great distances (such as PFOA or 1,4-dioxane). One branch of our research is dedicated to developing innovative approaches to treat persistent contaminants, either through degradation or sequestration.<\/p><p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-292 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.engr.colostate.edu\/projects\/cch\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/14\/2020\/02\/Persistent-Contaminants.jpg\" alt=\"persistent chemicals diagram\" width=\"500\" height=\"197\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.engr.colostate.edu\/projects\/cch\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/14\/2020\/02\/Persistent-Contaminants.jpg 500w, https:\/\/www.engr.colostate.edu\/projects\/cch\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/14\/2020\/02\/Persistent-Contaminants-300x118.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ad343f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6ad343f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: right\"><a href=\"#top\">Return to Top \u2191<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bdc98d3 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"bdc98d3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2e28195 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2e28195\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6ad7f29\" data-id=\"6ad7f29\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e84a562 elementor-widget elementor-widget-menu-anchor\" data-id=\"e84a562\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"menu-anchor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-menu-anchor\" id=\"sheens\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d3f7812 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"d3f7812\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Processes Governing Releases of Sheens from Porous Media<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e597be elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e597be\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A large portion of petroleum impacted sites abut surface water, due to logistic and historical reasons. Petroleum hydrocarbon sheens in surface water provide a strong visual indication of petroleum release into the environment. The purpose of our research is to provide a fundamental understanding of the mechanisms that drive the generation of sheens from non-aqueous phase liquids (NAPL). Our aims are to use this understanding as a decision-making tool for the management of hydrocarbon impacted sites and as the basis for developing improved solutions.<\/p><p>Our experiments include laboratory-scale tanks and fluorescence-based flow visualization techniques. We have tested the effect of tides on the spreading of sheens in groundwater, the effects of heterogenities in soils, and the development of solutions identified to stop the spreading of sheens in groundwater.<\/p><p>The solutions developed in our research include the use of capillary and oleophilic barriers. Capillary barriers are made of water wetting materials (i.e., quartz sand) with smaller pores than the native soils. Oleophilic barriers consist of materials that are preferentially oil wetting. When an oil sheen enters the wall, it changes from an intermediate wetting fluid into a true wetting fluid, stops spreading as a thin film, and sorbs to the oleophilic porous media. Our current efforts are focused towards field testing these technologies.<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-294 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.engr.colostate.edu\/projects\/cch\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/14\/2020\/02\/Sheens.jpg\" alt=\"Example of sheen on oleophilic porous media\" width=\"300\" height=\"228\" \/><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-acf0d12 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"acf0d12\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: right\"><a href=\"#top\">Return to Top \u2191<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-34bff86 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"34bff86\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-898e4ba elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"898e4ba\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-66462ad\" data-id=\"66462ad\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4bc5250 elementor-widget elementor-widget-menu-anchor\" data-id=\"4bc5250\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"menu-anchor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-menu-anchor\" id=\"zvi\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a50c9a9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"a50c9a9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.engr.colostate.edu\/projects\/cch\/technologies\/\">ZVI-Clay Soil Mixing<\/a><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b327a8e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b327a8e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>ZVI-Clay Soil Mixing is an in situ treatment technology for remediation of chlorinated solvent source zones. Through the use of conventional soil mixing techniques, reactive zero valent iron (ZVI) and stabilizing agents (e.g., bentonite) are admixed with soils impacted with chlorinated solvents. ZVI drives contaminant degradation, while stabilizing agents reduce hydraulic conductivity of treated soils. Through use of soil mixing, to deliver reactive materials into contaminated soils, the reactant is well-distributed throughout the treated soil body and brought into close contact with all contaminant mass. Furthermore, by combining contaminant mass reduction with reduced groundwater flow, ZVI-Clay can achieve a multiple-order-of-magnitude reduction in contaminant discharge from treated soils. This technology is well-suited for remediation of high-concentration source zones, including those containing chlorinated solvent DNAPL.<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-296 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/www.engr.colostate.edu\/projects\/cch\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/14\/2020\/02\/ZVI-Clay-277x300.jpg\" alt=\"ZVI clay soil mixing\" width=\"277\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.engr.colostate.edu\/projects\/cch\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/14\/2020\/02\/ZVI-Clay-277x300.jpg 277w, https:\/\/www.engr.colostate.edu\/projects\/cch\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/14\/2020\/02\/ZVI-Clay.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 277px) 100vw, 277px\" \/><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4b3296f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4b3296f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: right\"><a href=\"#top\">Return to Top \u2191<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c6e66f9 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"c6e66f9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs) Computational Chemistry Cryogenic Coring and High-Throughput Core Analysis Electrolytic Treatment Environmental Impacts of Hydraulic Fracturing LNAPLs at Groundwater Surface water Interfaces (GSIs) Low-k Zones Persistent Contaminants Sheens ZVI-Clay Soil Mixing Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) PFAS are highly persistent chemicals\u00a0that occur in numerous consumer products, industrial applications, and aqueous film-forming<a class=\"read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/www.engr.colostate.edu\/projects\/cch\/research\/\">&#8230;Read more <\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":18,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-204","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.6 - 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