{"id":9,"date":"2025-03-12T15:47:35","date_gmt":"2025-03-12T15:47:35","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.engr.colostate.edu\/laboratories\/eiil\/?page_id=9"},"modified":"2026-05-13T16:28:52","modified_gmt":"2026-05-13T22:28:52","slug":"home","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.engr.colostate.edu\/laboratories\/eit\/","title":{"rendered":"Home"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"9\" class=\"elementor elementor-9\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7e06e8b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7e06e8b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e3f5658 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"e3f5658\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"768\" height=\"576\" src=\"https:\/\/www.engr.colostate.edu\/laboratories\/eit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/31\/2025\/09\/Full_Group-768x576.jpeg\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-image-484\" alt=\"Members of the Mueller Lab pose on front of the CSU Mathematics building. From left to right: Shantam Gulati, Andre Pigatto, Jennifer Mueller, Chris Rocheleau, Denise Orege, Trevor Overton, Isabella Gravante, Kyler Howard, Natalie Wijesinghe, Dylan Soller\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.engr.colostate.edu\/laboratories\/eit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/31\/2025\/09\/Full_Group-768x576.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/www.engr.colostate.edu\/laboratories\/eit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/31\/2025\/09\/Full_Group-300x225.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/www.engr.colostate.edu\/laboratories\/eit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/31\/2025\/09\/Full_Group-1024x769.jpeg 1024w, https:\/\/www.engr.colostate.edu\/laboratories\/eit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/31\/2025\/09\/Full_Group-1536x1153.jpeg 1536w, https:\/\/www.engr.colostate.edu\/laboratories\/eit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/31\/2025\/09\/Full_Group.jpeg 2000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Pictured (L to R): Shantam Gulati, Andre Pigatto, Jennifer Mueller, Chris Rocheleau, Denise Orege, Trevor Overton, Isabella Gravante, Kyler Howard, Natalie Wijesinghe, Dylan Soller<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cd9981e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cd9981e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 style=\"text-align: center\">Electrical Impedance Imaging at Colorado State University<\/h3>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9fce6d3 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"9fce6d3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1cdb8cb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1cdb8cb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: center\">We are an applied mathematics group focused on the research and development of novel medical imaging techniques.&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">To learn more, meet our team, or inquire about collaboration opportunities, please explore the options below:<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e94b63d e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"e94b63d\" data-element_type=\"container\" 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href=\"https:\/\/www.engr.colostate.edu\/laboratories\/eit\/publications\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Publications<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-03291f3 elementor-align-center elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"03291f3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/www.engr.colostate.edu\/laboratories\/eit\/news\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span 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e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"8e467ef\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b346267 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"b346267\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2387331 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2387331\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h4 style=\"text-align: center\">Recent Publications<\/h4>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3095baa e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3095baa\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0d8594c e-n-tabs-mobile elementor-widget elementor-widget-n-tabs\" data-id=\"0d8594c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;horizontal_scroll&quot;:&quot;disable&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"nested-tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs\" data-widget-number=\"14178636\" aria-label=\"Tabs. Open items with Enter or Space, close with Escape and navigate using the Arrow keys.\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs-heading\" role=\"tablist\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-141786361\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-141786361\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab-index=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-141786361\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 1;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tFeb. 24th, 2026\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-141786362\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-141786362\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-141786362\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 2;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tSept. 8th, 2025\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-141786363\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-141786363\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-141786363\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 3;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tAug. 13th 2025\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-141786364\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-141786364\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab-index=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-141786364\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 4;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tMar. 1st, 2025\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs-content\">\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-141786361\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-141786361\" data-tab-index=\"1\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 1;\" class=\"e-active elementor-element elementor-element-075d622 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"075d622\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-80a14f4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"80a14f4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><b>Electrical impedance tomography reveals ventilation and perfusion heterogeneity in infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia<\/b><\/p>\n<p>Katelyn G. Enzer, Nilton Barbosa Da Rosa Jr, Allison Keck, Ella Hagopian, John T. Brinton, Omid Rajabi Shishvan, Gary Saulnier, David Isaacson, Jennifer L. Mueller &amp; Christopher D. Baker.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">&#8212;<\/p>\n<p>Objective<br>Preterm infants have pulmonary ventilation and perfusion abnormalities, yet few imaging modalities can inform clinicians about this ventilation\/perfusion (V\/Q) relationship. Electrical impedance tomography (EIT) is an imaging technique with V\/Q imaging capabilities that has not been well described in infants with BPD.<\/p>\n<p>Study design<br>EIT was performed every 4 weeks in preterm infants for a maximum of 5 visits per infant. Term infants with healthy lungs had one EIT imaging visit as controls.<\/p>\n<p>Results<br>Data were collected from a total of 51 EIT visits. Novel V\/Q maps were generated from each visit. Ventilation heterogeneity (measured by the global inhomogeneity index) and V\/Q heterogeneity (measured by coefficient of variation of V\/Q maps) were significantly higher in preterm infants at the visit closest to 36 weeks post-menstrual age than controls (p\u2009=\u20090.002 and p\u2009=\u20090.039, respectively).<\/p>\n<p>Conclusions:<br>Pulmonary ventilation, perfusion, and V\/Q relationship can be quantified by EIT, and may be indicators of chronic lung disease.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ab5ecca elementor-align-center elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"ab5ecca\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41372-026-02590-4\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">View Full Article<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-141786362\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-141786362\" data-tab-index=\"2\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 2;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-f0b8e1f e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"f0b8e1f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4fadff6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4fadff6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><b>CT scans without X-rays: Parallel-beam imaging from nonlinear current flows<\/b><\/p><p>Melody Alsaker, Siiri Rautio, Fernando Moura, Juan Pablo Agnelli, Rashmi Murthy, Matti Lassas, Jennifer L. Mueller, and Samuli Siltanen.<\/p><p style=\"text-align: center\">&#8212;<\/p><p>Parallel-beam X-ray computed tomography (CT) and electrical impedance tomography (EIT) are two imaging modalities that stem from completely different underlying physics, and for decades have been thought to have little in common either practically or mathematically. CT is only mildly ill-posed and uses straight X-rays as measurement energy, which admits simple linear mathematics. However, CT relies on exposing targets to ionizing radiation and requires cumbersome setups with expensive equipment. In contrast, EIT uses harmless electrical currents as measurement energy and can be implemented using simple low-cost portable setups. But EIT is burdened by nonlinearity stemming from the curved paths of electrical currents, as well as extreme ill-posedness that causes characteristic low spatial resolution. In practical EIT reconstruction methods, nonlinearity and ill-posedness have been considered intertwined in a complicated fashion. In this work, we demonstrate a surprising connection between CT and EIT, first announced in the theoretical work by Greenleaf et al., 2018, which partly unravels the main problems of EIT and leads directly to a proposed reconstruction technique that we call virtual hybrid parallel-beam tomography (VHPT). We show that hidden deep within EIT data is information that possesses the same linear geometry as parallel-beam CT data. This admits a fundamental restructuring of EIT, separating ill-posedness and nonlinearity into simple modular sub-problems, and yields &#8220;virtual radiographs&#8221; and CT-like images that reveal previously concealed information. Furthermore, as proof of concept, we present VHPT images of simulated and experimentally collected data<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8a2c228 elementor-align-center elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"8a2c228\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/www.aimsciences.org\/article\/doi\/10.3934\/ammc.2025009\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">View Full Article<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-141786363\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-141786363\" data-tab-index=\"3\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 3;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-d6a4404 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d6a4404\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a98d53c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a98d53c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><b>Use of an anatomical atlas in real-time EIT reconstructions of ventilation and pulsatile perfusion in preterm infants<\/b><\/p><p>Christopher J. Rocheleau, Trevor D. Overton, Nilton Barbosa da Rosa Jr., Gary J. Saulnier, Omid Rajabi Shishvan, Christopher D. Baker, Katelyn G. Enzer &amp; Jennifer L. Mueller.<\/p><p style=\"text-align: center\">&#8212;<\/p><p>Electrical impedance tomography (EIT) is a bedside imaging technique in which voltage data arising from current applied on electrodes is used to compute images of admittivity in real time. Due to the severe ill-posedness of the inverse problem, good spatial resolution poses a challenge in EIT. Conversely, the temporal resolution is high, facilitating dynamic bedside imaging. In this work, we propose a real-time linearized reconstruction algorithm that makes use of an anatomical atlas to provide prior spatial information at two stages of the reconstruction with the goal of improving the spatial resolution. The algorithm updates a non-constant initial estimate of an anatomically relevant distribution of conductivity and susceptivity obtained from the mean of the atlas, and using the Schur complement method as a post-processing technique. Two atlases are constructed from a database of CT scans of 89 infants; one for the reconstruction of ventilation and one for the reconstruction of pulsatile perfusion. The algorithm is applied to data collected on 16 premature infants with lung disease of prematurity and 5 healthy control infants to reconstruct conductivity and susceptivity images of both ventilation and pulsatile perfusion in real time using the ACT 5 EIT system. EIT parameters describing homogeneity of ventilation distribution throughout the lung and the distribution anterior\/posterior and in the left versus right lung were computed for each infant. The left\/right ventilation distribution was found to distinguish between the healthy and the preterm infants with statistical significance (p-value&lt; 0.05). The reconstructions demonstrate qualitatively improved resolution when compared to the NOSER algorithm currently used on the ACT 5 system for real-time bedside imaging, and the ability to image changes due to ventilation and pulsatile perfusion, as well as regional inhomogeneity. Since CT scans were not available for these infants, there is no gold standard for validation. In conclusion, we present a novel real-time algorithm with the goal of improving spatial resolution for bedside imaging with EIT for conductivity and susceptivity imaging of ventilation and pulsatile perfusion, with the potential to aid in the evaluation of lung function in infants at the bedside.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-afc725b elementor-align-center elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"afc725b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-15543-2.pdf\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">View Full Article<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-141786364\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-141786364\" data-tab-index=\"4\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 4;\" class=\" elementor-element elementor-element-8cabce3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8cabce3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c3f669 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2c3f669\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><b>Feasibility of Electric Impedance Tomography in the Assessment of Lung Perfusion and Ventilation in Congenital Pulmonary Vein Stenosis<\/b><\/p><p>Jenny E. Zablah, Catalina Vargas-Acevedo, Nilton Barbosa da Rosa Jr., Omid Rajabi Shishvan, Gary Saulnier, David Isaacson, Gareth J. Morgan &amp; Jennifer L. Mueller.<\/p><p style=\"text-align: center\">&#8212;<\/p><p>Pulmonary vein stenosis (PVS) is a complex disease that requires repeated percutaneous interventions. Electrical impedance tomography (EIT) is a functional imaging technique that provides real-time images of pulmonary perfusion and ventilation. We aimed to determine the feasibility of EIT to evaluate ventilation\/perfusion in PVS before and after catheter-based interventions. EIT was conducted in patients with PVS using the ACT5 EIT system. Lung regions were segmented from the perfusion images, and time-dependent blood volume curves were computed voxel-wise and by lung region. The distribution of pulmonary blood flow (PBF) was computed from EIT images and compared pre and post intervention. Finally, a blinded interventional cardiologist reviewed the results to evaluate three findings: (1) side and extent of PVS, (2) perfusion, and (3) ventilation. During the study period, twelve patients were included. Of these, seven were female (58.3%) with a median age of 3.5 years. Six patients had history of prematurity, and four had history of previous surgical PVS intervention. Three patients (25%) had an episode of pulmonary hemorrhage during the current intervention. In general, ventilation\/perfusion data were successfully obtained in all cases. EIT correctly depicted all 12 cases of PVS correlating with angiography performed on the same day. EIT is a non-invasive, radiation-free technique that estimates lung perfusion\/ventilation and percent distribution of PBF. The subject-based evaluation of EIT correlates to the severity and sidedness of the veins involved. This technology has the potential of providing perfusion\/ventilation information in-PVS patients without the need of contrast or radiation<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b14e72e elementor-align-center elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"b14e72e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00246-025-03816-6\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">View Full Article<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a5ee4ff e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"a5ee4ff\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a922e24 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"a922e24\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c8b5388 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"c8b5388\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-86437b0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"86437b0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7a7b373 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7a7b373\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h5>Dr. Jennifer Mueller<\/h5>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-94539d2 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"94539d2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-87de2b6 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"87de2b6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-91df36d elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"91df36d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" src=\"https:\/\/www.engr.colostate.edu\/laboratories\/eit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/31\/2025\/07\/DSC00042-1024x683.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-415\" alt=\"A professional photograph of Dr. Jennifer Mueller, with her laboratory out-of-focus behind her.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.engr.colostate.edu\/laboratories\/eit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/31\/2025\/07\/DSC00042-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.engr.colostate.edu\/laboratories\/eit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/31\/2025\/07\/DSC00042-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.engr.colostate.edu\/laboratories\/eit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/31\/2025\/07\/DSC00042-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.engr.colostate.edu\/laboratories\/eit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/31\/2025\/07\/DSC00042-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/www.engr.colostate.edu\/laboratories\/eit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/31\/2025\/07\/DSC00042-2048x1365.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d78c89 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"5d78c89\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0a17fb4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0a17fb4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: left\"><span style=\"font-weight: bold\">Albert C. Yates Endowed Chair in Mathematics<\/span><\/p><p style=\"text-align: left\"><span style=\"font-weight: bold\">Professor<br \/><\/span>Department of Mathematics<\/p><p style=\"text-align: left\"><span style=\"font-weight: bold\">Professor <\/span>(Joint Appointment)<br \/>School of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering<\/p><p style=\"text-align: left\"><span style=\"font-weight: bold\">Courses<\/span>: MATH 535, MATH 633<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6324a5c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"6324a5c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d4492ac elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"d4492ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-128ba60 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"128ba60\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Pictured (L to R): Shantam Gulati, Andre Pigatto, Jennifer Mueller, Chris Rocheleau, Denise Orege, Trevor Overton, Isabella Gravante, Kyler Howard, Natalie Wijesinghe, Dylan Soller Electrical Impedance Imaging at Colorado State University We are an applied mathematics group focused on the research and development of novel medical imaging techniques.&nbsp; To learn more, meet our team, or<a class=\"read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/www.engr.colostate.edu\/laboratories\/eit\/\">&#8230;Read more <\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-9","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.6 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Home - Electrical Impedance Imaging Laboratory<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.engr.colostate.edu\/laboratories\/eit\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Home - Electrical Impedance Imaging Laboratory\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Pictured (L to R): Shantam Gulati, Andre Pigatto, Jennifer Mueller, Chris Rocheleau, Denise Orege, Trevor Overton, Isabella Gravante, Kyler Howard, Natalie Wijesinghe, Dylan Soller Electrical Impedance Imaging at Colorado State University We are an applied mathematics group focused on the research and development of novel medical imaging techniques.&nbsp; To learn more, meet our team, or...Read more\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.engr.colostate.edu\/laboratories\/eit\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Electrical Impedance Imaging Laboratory\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2026-05-13T22:28:52+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/www.engr.colostate.edu\/laboratories\/eit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/31\/2025\/09\/Full_Group.jpeg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"2000\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"1501\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"10 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.engr.colostate.edu\\\/laboratories\\\/eit\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.engr.colostate.edu\\\/laboratories\\\/eit\\\/\",\"name\":\"Home - Electrical Impedance Imaging Laboratory\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.engr.colostate.edu\\\/laboratories\\\/eit\\\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.engr.colostate.edu\\\/laboratories\\\/eit\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.engr.colostate.edu\\\/laboratories\\\/eit\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.engr.colostate.edu\\\/laboratories\\\/eit\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/sites\\\/31\\\/2025\\\/09\\\/Full_Group-768x576.jpeg\",\"datePublished\":\"2025-03-12T15:47:35+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2026-05-13T22:28:52+00:00\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.engr.colostate.edu\\\/laboratories\\\/eit\\\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/www.engr.colostate.edu\\\/laboratories\\\/eit\\\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.engr.colostate.edu\\\/laboratories\\\/eit\\\/#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.engr.colostate.edu\\\/laboratories\\\/eit\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/sites\\\/31\\\/2025\\\/09\\\/Full_Group.jpeg\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.engr.colostate.edu\\\/laboratories\\\/eit\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/sites\\\/31\\\/2025\\\/09\\\/Full_Group.jpeg\",\"width\":2000,\"height\":1501,\"caption\":\"Members of the Mueller Lab pose on front of the CSU Mathematics building. From left to right: Shantam Gulati, Andre Pigatto, Jennifer Mueller, Chris Rocheleau, Denise Orege, Trevor Overton, Isabella Gravante, Kyler Howard, Natalie Wijesinghe, Dylan Soller\"},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.engr.colostate.edu\\\/laboratories\\\/eit\\\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Home\",\"item\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.engr.colostate.edu\\\/laboratories\\\/eit\\\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Home\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.engr.colostate.edu\\\/laboratories\\\/eit\\\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.engr.colostate.edu\\\/laboratories\\\/eit\\\/\",\"name\":\"Electrical Impedance Imaging Laboratory\",\"description\":\"EIT reconstruction algorithms and hardware systems for clinical applications\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.engr.colostate.edu\\\/laboratories\\\/eit\\\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"Home - Electrical Impedance Imaging Laboratory","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/www.engr.colostate.edu\/laboratories\/eit\/","og_locale":"en_US","og_type":"article","og_title":"Home - Electrical Impedance Imaging Laboratory","og_description":"Pictured (L to R): Shantam Gulati, Andre Pigatto, Jennifer Mueller, Chris Rocheleau, Denise Orege, Trevor Overton, Isabella Gravante, Kyler Howard, Natalie Wijesinghe, Dylan Soller Electrical Impedance Imaging at Colorado State University We are an applied mathematics group focused on the research and development of novel medical imaging techniques.&nbsp; To learn more, meet our team, or...Read more","og_url":"https:\/\/www.engr.colostate.edu\/laboratories\/eit\/","og_site_name":"Electrical Impedance Imaging Laboratory","article_modified_time":"2026-05-13T22:28:52+00:00","og_image":[{"width":2000,"height":1501,"url":"https:\/\/www.engr.colostate.edu\/laboratories\/eit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/31\/2025\/09\/Full_Group.jpeg","type":"image\/jpeg"}],"twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_misc":{"Est. reading time":"10 minutes"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/www.engr.colostate.edu\/laboratories\/eit\/","url":"https:\/\/www.engr.colostate.edu\/laboratories\/eit\/","name":"Home - Electrical Impedance Imaging Laboratory","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.engr.colostate.edu\/laboratories\/eit\/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.engr.colostate.edu\/laboratories\/eit\/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.engr.colostate.edu\/laboratories\/eit\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/www.engr.colostate.edu\/laboratories\/eit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/31\/2025\/09\/Full_Group-768x576.jpeg","datePublished":"2025-03-12T15:47:35+00:00","dateModified":"2026-05-13T22:28:52+00:00","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.engr.colostate.edu\/laboratories\/eit\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/www.engr.colostate.edu\/laboratories\/eit\/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/www.engr.colostate.edu\/laboratories\/eit\/#primaryimage","url":"https:\/\/www.engr.colostate.edu\/laboratories\/eit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/31\/2025\/09\/Full_Group.jpeg","contentUrl":"https:\/\/www.engr.colostate.edu\/laboratories\/eit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/31\/2025\/09\/Full_Group.jpeg","width":2000,"height":1501,"caption":"Members of the Mueller Lab pose on front of the CSU Mathematics building. 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