{"id":31,"date":"2021-06-22T19:01:31","date_gmt":"2021-06-22T19:01:31","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.engr.colostate.edu\/laboratories\/ceppe\/?page_id=31"},"modified":"2025-10-21T21:00:47","modified_gmt":"2025-10-21T21:00:47","slug":"research","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.engr.colostate.edu\/laboratories\/ceppe\/research\/","title":{"rendered":"Research"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"31\" class=\"elementor elementor-31\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7b1a157f elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-min-height elementor-section-items-stretch elementor-section-content-space-between elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7b1a157f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-background-overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-no\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e88dedf\" data-id=\"e88dedf\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-7f86e0c2 elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7f86e0c2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-wide\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-23a77455\" data-id=\"23a77455\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1b9471e5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1b9471e5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><span class=\"NBtextbgd-SUNSH\">Electric Propulsion and plasma engineering laboratory<\/span><\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7136c098 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"7136c098\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><span class=\"NBtextbgd-OVALG\">Innovating electric propulsion<\/span><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-389a5faf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"389a5faf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><span class=\"NBtextbgd-OVALG\">Exploring plasma technolgies<\/span><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-6a5f5734 elementor-section-content-bottom elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6a5f5734\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-background-overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-extended\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-629525e0\" data-id=\"629525e0\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-66 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-57d06bdc\" data-id=\"57d06bdc\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5ce0af1 elementor-nav-menu__align-center elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-nav-menu--dropdown-none elementor-widget elementor-widget-nav-menu\" data-id=\"5ce0af1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;layout&quot;:&quot;horizontal&quot;,&quot;submenu_icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;&lt;i class=\\&quot;fas fa-caret-down\\&quot; aria-hidden=\\&quot;true\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/i&gt;&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;}}\" data-widget_type=\"nav-menu.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<nav aria-label=\"Menu\" class=\"elementor-nav-menu--main elementor-nav-menu__container elementor-nav-menu--layout-horizontal e--pointer-background e--animation-fade\">\n\t\t\t\t<ul id=\"menu-1-5ce0af1\" class=\"elementor-nav-menu\"><li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-home menu-item-59\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.engr.colostate.edu\/laboratories\/ceppe\/\" class=\"elementor-item\">Home<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-384\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"elementor-item elementor-item-anchor\">Research<\/a>\n<ul class=\"sub-menu elementor-nav-menu--dropdown\">\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-61\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.engr.colostate.edu\/laboratories\/ceppe\/research\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\">Research Projects<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-388\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"elementor-item elementor-item-anchor\">Education<\/a>\n<ul class=\"sub-menu elementor-nav-menu--dropdown\">\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-188\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.engr.colostate.edu\/laboratories\/ceppe\/education\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\">Courses<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-169\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.engr.colostate.edu\/laboratories\/ceppe\/people\/\" class=\"elementor-item\">People<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-404\"><a href=\"https:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar?hl=en&#038;as_sdt=0%2C6&#038;q=john+d+williams&#038;btnG=\" class=\"elementor-item\">Publications<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-60\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.engr.colostate.edu\/laboratories\/ceppe\/contact\/\" class=\"elementor-item\">Contact<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\t\t\t<\/nav>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<nav class=\"elementor-nav-menu--dropdown elementor-nav-menu__container\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t<ul id=\"menu-2-5ce0af1\" class=\"elementor-nav-menu\"><li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-home menu-item-59\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.engr.colostate.edu\/laboratories\/ceppe\/\" class=\"elementor-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">Home<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-384\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"elementor-item elementor-item-anchor\" tabindex=\"-1\">Research<\/a>\n<ul class=\"sub-menu elementor-nav-menu--dropdown\">\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-61\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.engr.colostate.edu\/laboratories\/ceppe\/research\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">Research Projects<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-388\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"elementor-item elementor-item-anchor\" tabindex=\"-1\">Education<\/a>\n<ul class=\"sub-menu elementor-nav-menu--dropdown\">\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-188\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.engr.colostate.edu\/laboratories\/ceppe\/education\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">Courses<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-169\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.engr.colostate.edu\/laboratories\/ceppe\/people\/\" class=\"elementor-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">People<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-404\"><a href=\"https:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar?hl=en&#038;as_sdt=0%2C6&#038;q=john+d+williams&#038;btnG=\" class=\"elementor-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">Publications<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-60\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.engr.colostate.edu\/laboratories\/ceppe\/contact\/\" class=\"elementor-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">Contact<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\t\t\t<\/nav>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-61986783 elementor-section-content-space-evenly elementor-section-height-min-height elementor-section-items-stretch elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"61986783\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-background-overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-no\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2f37096e\" data-id=\"2f37096e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-background-overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-246cbe94 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"246cbe94\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e0163df elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"e0163df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"819\" src=\"https:\/\/www.engr.colostate.edu\/laboratories\/ceppe\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/13\/2021\/06\/20150326-CSU-HET-at-1.5-kW-on-Krypton-1-1024x819.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-62\" alt=\"Hall effect thruster\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.engr.colostate.edu\/laboratories\/ceppe\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/13\/2021\/06\/20150326-CSU-HET-at-1.5-kW-on-Krypton-1-1024x819.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.engr.colostate.edu\/laboratories\/ceppe\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/13\/2021\/06\/20150326-CSU-HET-at-1.5-kW-on-Krypton-1-300x240.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.engr.colostate.edu\/laboratories\/ceppe\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/13\/2021\/06\/20150326-CSU-HET-at-1.5-kW-on-Krypton-1-768x614.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.engr.colostate.edu\/laboratories\/ceppe\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/13\/2021\/06\/20150326-CSU-HET-at-1.5-kW-on-Krypton-1-e1624389786605.jpg 1500w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6e28c76c\" data-id=\"6e28c76c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-70bbf5 elementor-section-height-min-height elementor-section-content-bottom elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"70bbf5\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-no\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-755e0a74\" data-id=\"755e0a74\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-21e0295d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"21e0295d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Hall Effect Thrusters<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5c350acb inlineBodoni elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"5c350acb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><span class=\"NBtextbgd-ENGRN\">Nullam dictum felis <\/span><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1cb4103f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1cb4103f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li>Video should be hosted on YouTube.\u00a0<\/li><li>Make sure audio is set to mute.<\/li><li>If closed captioning is not automatically added, update the transcript toggle.<\/li><\/ul><p>Nulla consequat massa quis enim. Donec pede justo, fringilla vel, aliquet nec, vulputate eget, arcu. In enim justo, rhoncus ut, imperdiet a, venenatis vitae, justo.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3696dc6e elementor-align-left elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"3696dc6e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/www.engr.colostate.edu\/\" target=\"_blank\" aria-label=\"Read SOURCE article on first graduates of the program\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"far fa-arrow-alt-circle-right\"><\/i>\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Nullam dictum felis eu pede mollis<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-4ea25269 elementor-section-content-middle elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"4ea25269\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-wider\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-5c0fca60\" data-id=\"5c0fca60\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3797679 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"3797679\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.engr.colostate.edu\/\" aria-label=\"Wastewater monitoring prototype could prevent the next pandemic\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.engr.colostate.edu\/laboratories\/ceppe\/wp-content\/plugins\/elementor\/assets\/images\/placeholder.png\" title=\"\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2e48e2ca elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2e48e2ca\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.engr.colostate.edu\/\">Nulla consequat massa quis enim. <\/a><\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4b79a657\" data-id=\"4b79a657\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7672e1f6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"7672e1f6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.engr.colostate.edu\/\" aria-label=\"Wastewater monitoring prototype could prevent the next pandemic\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.engr.colostate.edu\/laboratories\/ceppe\/wp-content\/plugins\/elementor\/assets\/images\/placeholder.png\" title=\"\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2484b8a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2484b8a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.engr.colostate.edu\/\">Nulla consequat massa quis enim. <\/a><\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-37045153\" data-id=\"37045153\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31bb28d4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"31bb28d4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.engr.colostate.edu\/\" aria-label=\"Wastewater monitoring prototype could prevent the next pandemic\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.engr.colostate.edu\/laboratories\/ceppe\/wp-content\/plugins\/elementor\/assets\/images\/placeholder.png\" title=\"\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3652b84b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3652b84b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.engr.colostate.edu\/\">Nulla consequat massa quis enim. <\/a><\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-1354a676 elementor-section-content-space-evenly elementor-section-height-min-height elementor-section-items-stretch elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"1354a676\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-background-overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-no\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-79c446db\" data-id=\"79c446db\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-36a6d0d9 elementor-section-height-min-height elementor-section-content-bottom elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"36a6d0d9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-no\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-6bba8791\" data-id=\"6bba8791\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-627c1e89 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"627c1e89\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">3D Printed Long Life Miniature Hall Thruster with Center Mounted Heaterless Cathode<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-446136ad inlineBodoni elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"446136ad\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><span class=\"NBtextbgd-ENGRN\">Nullam dictum felis <\/span><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3542bdf8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3542bdf8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li>Video should be hosted on YouTube.\u00a0<\/li><li>Make sure audio is set to mute.<\/li><li>If closed captioning is not automatically added, update the transcript toggle.<\/li><\/ul><p>Nulla consequat massa quis enim. Donec pede justo, fringilla vel, aliquet nec, vulputate eget, arcu. In enim justo, rhoncus ut, imperdiet a, venenatis vitae, justo.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-69c3d545 elementor-align-left elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"69c3d545\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/www.engr.colostate.edu\/\" target=\"_blank\" aria-label=\"Read SOURCE article on first graduates of the program\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"far fa-arrow-alt-circle-right\"><\/i>\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Nullam dictum felis eu pede mollis<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-1cdea559\" data-id=\"1cdea559\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3804152 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"3804152\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"917\" src=\"https:\/\/www.engr.colostate.edu\/laboratories\/ceppe\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/13\/2021\/06\/20140918-Miniature-and-1-kW-Hall-Thrusters-1024x917.jpeg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-67\" alt=\"Miniature and 1 kW Hall Thrusters\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.engr.colostate.edu\/laboratories\/ceppe\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/13\/2021\/06\/20140918-Miniature-and-1-kW-Hall-Thrusters-1024x917.jpeg 1024w, https:\/\/www.engr.colostate.edu\/laboratories\/ceppe\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/13\/2021\/06\/20140918-Miniature-and-1-kW-Hall-Thrusters-300x269.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/www.engr.colostate.edu\/laboratories\/ceppe\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/13\/2021\/06\/20140918-Miniature-and-1-kW-Hall-Thrusters-768x688.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/www.engr.colostate.edu\/laboratories\/ceppe\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/13\/2021\/06\/20140918-Miniature-and-1-kW-Hall-Thrusters-1536x1376.jpeg 1536w, https:\/\/www.engr.colostate.edu\/laboratories\/ceppe\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/13\/2021\/06\/20140918-Miniature-and-1-kW-Hall-Thrusters-2048x1835.jpeg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-51331a1a elementor-section-content-middle elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"51331a1a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-wider\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7b60c964\" data-id=\"7b60c964\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-68c93634 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"68c93634\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.engr.colostate.edu\/\" aria-label=\"Wastewater monitoring prototype could prevent the next pandemic\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"768\" height=\"576\" src=\"https:\/\/www.engr.colostate.edu\/laboratories\/ceppe\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/13\/2021\/06\/20140624-Miniature-Hall-Thruster-768x576.jpeg\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-image-68\" alt=\"cathode\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.engr.colostate.edu\/laboratories\/ceppe\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/13\/2021\/06\/20140624-Miniature-Hall-Thruster-768x576.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/www.engr.colostate.edu\/laboratories\/ceppe\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/13\/2021\/06\/20140624-Miniature-Hall-Thruster-300x225.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/www.engr.colostate.edu\/laboratories\/ceppe\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/13\/2021\/06\/20140624-Miniature-Hall-Thruster-1024x768.jpeg 1024w, https:\/\/www.engr.colostate.edu\/laboratories\/ceppe\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/13\/2021\/06\/20140624-Miniature-Hall-Thruster-1536x1152.jpeg 1536w, https:\/\/www.engr.colostate.edu\/laboratories\/ceppe\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/13\/2021\/06\/20140624-Miniature-Hall-Thruster.jpeg 2013w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c31c17e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"c31c17e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.engr.colostate.edu\/\">Nulla consequat massa quis enim. <\/a><\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-52174de2\" data-id=\"52174de2\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4bb76736 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"4bb76736\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.engr.colostate.edu\/\" aria-label=\"Wastewater monitoring prototype could prevent the next pandemic\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"768\" height=\"1152\" src=\"https:\/\/www.engr.colostate.edu\/laboratories\/ceppe\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/13\/2021\/06\/20141210-Miniature-Hall-Thruster-768x1152.jpeg\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-image-69\" alt=\"miniature hall thruster\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.engr.colostate.edu\/laboratories\/ceppe\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/13\/2021\/06\/20141210-Miniature-Hall-Thruster-768x1152.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/www.engr.colostate.edu\/laboratories\/ceppe\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/13\/2021\/06\/20141210-Miniature-Hall-Thruster-200x300.jpeg 200w, https:\/\/www.engr.colostate.edu\/laboratories\/ceppe\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/13\/2021\/06\/20141210-Miniature-Hall-Thruster-683x1024.jpeg 683w, https:\/\/www.engr.colostate.edu\/laboratories\/ceppe\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/13\/2021\/06\/20141210-Miniature-Hall-Thruster-1024x1536.jpeg 1024w, https:\/\/www.engr.colostate.edu\/laboratories\/ceppe\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/13\/2021\/06\/20141210-Miniature-Hall-Thruster-1365x2048.jpeg 1365w, https:\/\/www.engr.colostate.edu\/laboratories\/ceppe\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/13\/2021\/06\/20141210-Miniature-Hall-Thruster-scaled.jpeg 1707w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3be6bedc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3be6bedc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.engr.colostate.edu\/\">Nulla consequat massa quis enim. <\/a><\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-68e68531\" data-id=\"68e68531\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7097fa5f elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"7097fa5f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.engr.colostate.edu\/\" aria-label=\"Wastewater monitoring prototype could prevent the next pandemic\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.engr.colostate.edu\/laboratories\/ceppe\/wp-content\/plugins\/elementor\/assets\/images\/placeholder.png\" title=\"\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2d02ad6f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2d02ad6f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.engr.colostate.edu\/\">Nulla consequat massa quis enim. <\/a><\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-1b3a832c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"1b3a832c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-50abd8bc\" data-id=\"50abd8bc\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-39434d24 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"39434d24\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-xl\">Hall Effect Thrusters\n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-48d02c9e elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"48d02c9e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-641d3edc\" data-id=\"641d3edc\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-41cdae25 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"41cdae25\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-4284a41e\" data-id=\"4284a41e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2de7de12 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2de7de12\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"body-text\">A Hall Effect Thruser (HET) is a type of electric propulsion device that uses both magnetic and electric fields. A radial magnetic field is used to cycle electrons within a cylindrical dicharge channel; these electrons bombard neutral propellant to create ions. An an axial electric field is used to accelerate ions to produce thrust. Electrons are fed to the discharge plasma by a cathode, traditionally placed external to the channel, alternatively placed on-axis if space allows.<\/p><p class=\"body-text\">The CSU 1.5 kW Hall effect thruster can be operated over a power range of 0.5 &#8211; 2.5 kW. It incorporates a center mounted heaterless electride hollow cathode for optimum performance and minimum plume divergence. At 1.5 kW, the thruster is capable of &gt;2,000 seconds Isp and &gt;60% efficiency.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-4d63c567 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"4d63c567\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2ef43d9c\" data-id=\"2ef43d9c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-956a666 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"956a666\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"819\" src=\"https:\/\/www.engr.colostate.edu\/laboratories\/ceppe\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/13\/2021\/06\/20150326-CSU-HET-at-1.5-kW-on-Krypton-1-1024x819.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-62\" alt=\"Hall effect thruster\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.engr.colostate.edu\/laboratories\/ceppe\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/13\/2021\/06\/20150326-CSU-HET-at-1.5-kW-on-Krypton-1-1024x819.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.engr.colostate.edu\/laboratories\/ceppe\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/13\/2021\/06\/20150326-CSU-HET-at-1.5-kW-on-Krypton-1-300x240.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.engr.colostate.edu\/laboratories\/ceppe\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/13\/2021\/06\/20150326-CSU-HET-at-1.5-kW-on-Krypton-1-768x614.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.engr.colostate.edu\/laboratories\/ceppe\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/13\/2021\/06\/20150326-CSU-HET-at-1.5-kW-on-Krypton-1-e1624389786605.jpg 1500w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ea32e88 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ea32e88\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"body-text\"><em>Operating with Krypton<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-709c9ada\" data-id=\"709c9ada\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c0625a2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"c0625a2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"768\" src=\"https:\/\/www.engr.colostate.edu\/laboratories\/ceppe\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/13\/2021\/06\/20150511-CSU-1.5-kW-HET-on-Xenon-1024x768.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-63\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.engr.colostate.edu\/laboratories\/ceppe\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/13\/2021\/06\/20150511-CSU-1.5-kW-HET-on-Xenon-1024x768.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.engr.colostate.edu\/laboratories\/ceppe\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/13\/2021\/06\/20150511-CSU-1.5-kW-HET-on-Xenon-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.engr.colostate.edu\/laboratories\/ceppe\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/13\/2021\/06\/20150511-CSU-1.5-kW-HET-on-Xenon-768x576.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.engr.colostate.edu\/laboratories\/ceppe\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/13\/2021\/06\/20150511-CSU-1.5-kW-HET-on-Xenon-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/www.engr.colostate.edu\/laboratories\/ceppe\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/13\/2021\/06\/20150511-CSU-1.5-kW-HET-on-Xenon-2048x1536.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37f2f8f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"37f2f8f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Operating with Xenon<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-52bad185 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"52bad185\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-5a82a04e\" data-id=\"5a82a04e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-40e10d33 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"40e10d33\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-xl\">3D-Printed Long Life Miniature Hall Thruster with Center Mounted Heaterless Cathode\n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-56f588d9 elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"56f588d9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-3fdfb8cb\" data-id=\"3fdfb8cb\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-34ddd39c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"34ddd39c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-5b2bfea2\" data-id=\"5b2bfea2\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7b262cf9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7b262cf9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"body-text\">A miniature Hall thruster having 3D-printed (i.e., additive manufacturing) components, magnetic shielding of the walls from ionized plasma, an integrated discharge channel and gas distributor arrangement, and a heaterless hollow cathode mounted internally to the thruster has been developed at CSU. The design offers many advantages over existing state-of-the-art Hall thrusters of similar power levels, including: half the mass of those thrusters, significantly longer life time, lower cost, lower part count, higher performance, and the ability to be continuously throttleable.<\/p><p>This project aims to enable perching capabilities for palm-size flying robots by integrating both computational and mechanical intelligence. For computational intelligence, we are using onboard vision systems to estimate the required parameters (e.g., time-to-contact) for perching. For mechanical intelligence, we are developing compliant legs enabled by bistable mechanisms for effectively attaching to desired objects.<\/p><p class=\"body-text\">The miniature thruster has a power range of 20 to 400 Watts. This wide power range is achieved through the thruster&#8217;s ability to be continuously throttleable. This means the thruster-cathode system can be turned on and left on for a nearly arbitrary time and then left off for another nearly arbitrary time. Specifically, 0.1 s &lt; Time On &lt; many 1000&#8217;s hr and 0 &lt; Time Off &lt; many 1000&#8217;s hr. The thruster is currently the smallest magnetically shielded Hall thruster in the world and is the smallest Hall thruster to incorporate a center mounted hollow cathode. It is also the first one to incorporate 3-D printed components.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-46c6bef\" data-id=\"46c6bef\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73dcb2d elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"73dcb2d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"917\" src=\"https:\/\/www.engr.colostate.edu\/laboratories\/ceppe\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/13\/2021\/06\/20140918-Miniature-and-1-kW-Hall-Thrusters-1024x917.jpeg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-67\" alt=\"Miniature and 1 kW Hall Thrusters\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.engr.colostate.edu\/laboratories\/ceppe\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/13\/2021\/06\/20140918-Miniature-and-1-kW-Hall-Thrusters-1024x917.jpeg 1024w, https:\/\/www.engr.colostate.edu\/laboratories\/ceppe\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/13\/2021\/06\/20140918-Miniature-and-1-kW-Hall-Thrusters-300x269.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/www.engr.colostate.edu\/laboratories\/ceppe\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/13\/2021\/06\/20140918-Miniature-and-1-kW-Hall-Thrusters-768x688.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/www.engr.colostate.edu\/laboratories\/ceppe\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/13\/2021\/06\/20140918-Miniature-and-1-kW-Hall-Thrusters-1536x1376.jpeg 1536w, https:\/\/www.engr.colostate.edu\/laboratories\/ceppe\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/13\/2021\/06\/20140918-Miniature-and-1-kW-Hall-Thrusters-2048x1835.jpeg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-09e10df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"09e10df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"body-text\"><em>3D Printed Long Life Miniature 20-400 W HET next to a 1.5 kW HET. The miniature HET is ideal for CubeSats and microsatellites with the ability to operate efficiently using a range of propellants including xenon and iodine using its electride hollow cathode.<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-f15d69a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"f15d69a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2322a1d5\" data-id=\"2322a1d5\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b8552ce elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"b8552ce\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"768\" src=\"https:\/\/www.engr.colostate.edu\/laboratories\/ceppe\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/13\/2021\/06\/20140624-Miniature-Hall-Thruster-1024x768.jpeg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-68\" alt=\"cathode\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.engr.colostate.edu\/laboratories\/ceppe\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/13\/2021\/06\/20140624-Miniature-Hall-Thruster-1024x768.jpeg 1024w, https:\/\/www.engr.colostate.edu\/laboratories\/ceppe\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/13\/2021\/06\/20140624-Miniature-Hall-Thruster-300x225.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/www.engr.colostate.edu\/laboratories\/ceppe\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/13\/2021\/06\/20140624-Miniature-Hall-Thruster-768x576.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/www.engr.colostate.edu\/laboratories\/ceppe\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/13\/2021\/06\/20140624-Miniature-Hall-Thruster-1536x1152.jpeg 1536w, https:\/\/www.engr.colostate.edu\/laboratories\/ceppe\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/13\/2021\/06\/20140624-Miniature-Hall-Thruster.jpeg 2013w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-41ee05a\" data-id=\"41ee05a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ac6a56f elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"ac6a56f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"200\" height=\"300\" src=\"https:\/\/www.engr.colostate.edu\/laboratories\/ceppe\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/13\/2021\/06\/20141210-Miniature-Hall-Thruster-200x300.jpeg\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium wp-image-69\" alt=\"miniature hall thruster\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.engr.colostate.edu\/laboratories\/ceppe\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/13\/2021\/06\/20141210-Miniature-Hall-Thruster-200x300.jpeg 200w, https:\/\/www.engr.colostate.edu\/laboratories\/ceppe\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/13\/2021\/06\/20141210-Miniature-Hall-Thruster-683x1024.jpeg 683w, https:\/\/www.engr.colostate.edu\/laboratories\/ceppe\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/13\/2021\/06\/20141210-Miniature-Hall-Thruster-768x1152.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/www.engr.colostate.edu\/laboratories\/ceppe\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/13\/2021\/06\/20141210-Miniature-Hall-Thruster-1024x1536.jpeg 1024w, https:\/\/www.engr.colostate.edu\/laboratories\/ceppe\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/13\/2021\/06\/20141210-Miniature-Hall-Thruster-1365x2048.jpeg 1365w, https:\/\/www.engr.colostate.edu\/laboratories\/ceppe\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/13\/2021\/06\/20141210-Miniature-Hall-Thruster-scaled.jpeg 1707w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 200px) 100vw, 200px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-371f7fa7\" data-id=\"371f7fa7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-570225c elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"570225c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"768\" src=\"https:\/\/www.engr.colostate.edu\/laboratories\/ceppe\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/13\/2021\/06\/20150508-CSU-Miniature-HET-1024x768.jpeg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-70\" alt=\"CSU Miniature HET\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.engr.colostate.edu\/laboratories\/ceppe\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/13\/2021\/06\/20150508-CSU-Miniature-HET-1024x768.jpeg 1024w, https:\/\/www.engr.colostate.edu\/laboratories\/ceppe\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/13\/2021\/06\/20150508-CSU-Miniature-HET-300x225.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/www.engr.colostate.edu\/laboratories\/ceppe\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/13\/2021\/06\/20150508-CSU-Miniature-HET-768x576.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/www.engr.colostate.edu\/laboratories\/ceppe\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/13\/2021\/06\/20150508-CSU-Miniature-HET-1536x1152.jpeg 1536w, https:\/\/www.engr.colostate.edu\/laboratories\/ceppe\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/13\/2021\/06\/20150508-CSU-Miniature-HET-2048x1536.jpeg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-296bbace elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"296bbace\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-1b2d3d58\" data-id=\"1b2d3d58\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4783c28 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"4783c28\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-xl\">Electride Cathodes\n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-4c511699 elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"4c511699\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4e206532\" data-id=\"4e206532\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-12ccbe60 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"12ccbe60\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-783b1d73\" data-id=\"783b1d73\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7320d60 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7320d60\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"body-text\">We are researching the use of the electride form of 12CaO7Al<sub>2<\/sub>O<sub>3<\/sub>\u00a0as an electron emitting cathode. Ion and Hall thrusters use cathodes to provide electrons to sustain plasma discharges and neutralize ion beams. Traditional electron emitters include barium-impregnated porous tungsten, Lanthanum hexaboride (Lab6), and cerium hexaboride (CeB6). A key property of an electron emitting material is its work function; C12A7 electride has been found to have a lower work function than the traditional materials, which may lead to lower operating temperatures and increased resistance to contamination.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-65bf099\" data-id=\"65bf099\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c141ac1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"c141ac1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"225\" src=\"https:\/\/www.engr.colostate.edu\/laboratories\/ceppe\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/13\/2021\/06\/20131006-CSU-electride-heaterless-hollow-cathode-with-Langmuir-probe-300x225.jpeg\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium wp-image-71\" alt=\"CSU electride heaterless hollow cathode with Langmuir probe\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.engr.colostate.edu\/laboratories\/ceppe\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/13\/2021\/06\/20131006-CSU-electride-heaterless-hollow-cathode-with-Langmuir-probe-300x225.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/www.engr.colostate.edu\/laboratories\/ceppe\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/13\/2021\/06\/20131006-CSU-electride-heaterless-hollow-cathode-with-Langmuir-probe-1024x768.jpeg 1024w, https:\/\/www.engr.colostate.edu\/laboratories\/ceppe\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/13\/2021\/06\/20131006-CSU-electride-heaterless-hollow-cathode-with-Langmuir-probe-768x576.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/www.engr.colostate.edu\/laboratories\/ceppe\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/13\/2021\/06\/20131006-CSU-electride-heaterless-hollow-cathode-with-Langmuir-probe-1536x1152.jpeg 1536w, https:\/\/www.engr.colostate.edu\/laboratories\/ceppe\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/13\/2021\/06\/20131006-CSU-electride-heaterless-hollow-cathode-with-Langmuir-probe.jpeg 1854w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-14882f8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"14882f8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"body-text\"><em>An electride cathode, shown with a Langmuir probe placed in the cathode&#8217;s plasma plume.<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-4d44a91 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"4d44a91\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-23f8766\" data-id=\"23f8766\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4643ba5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"4643ba5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-xl\">Bare Electrodynamic Tethers Project (BETs)\n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-0abf333 elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"0abf333\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-052847a\" data-id=\"052847a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-867f5b1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"867f5b1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-cd2dd43\" data-id=\"cd2dd43\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4c60828 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"4c60828\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"266\" height=\"150\" src=\"https:\/\/www.engr.colostate.edu\/laboratories\/ceppe\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/13\/2021\/06\/BETs.jpeg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-72\" alt=\"\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8540749\" data-id=\"8540749\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9ad02e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-video\" data-id=\"9ad02e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;video_type&quot;:&quot;vimeo&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"video.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-wrapper elementor-open-inline\">\n\t\t\t<iframe class=\"elementor-video-iframe\" allowfullscreen allow=\"clipboard-write\" title=\"vimeo Video Player\" src=\"https:\/\/player.vimeo.com\/video\/566255668?color&amp;autopause=0&amp;loop=0&amp;muted=0&amp;title=1&amp;portrait=1&amp;byline=1#t=\"><\/iframe>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-1b774bb3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"1b774bb3\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-1350d721\" data-id=\"1350d721\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10a90b97 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"10a90b97\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-xl\">Hollow Cathodes\n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-4a067078 elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"4a067078\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-3101dc5\" data-id=\"3101dc5\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-7e6f92aa elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7e6f92aa\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-34450d75\" data-id=\"34450d75\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8ab97b5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8ab97b5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>In space applications, hollow cathodes are used in electrostatic propulsion devices, especially in ion thrusters and Hall thrusters, to provide electrons to produce and sustain the plasma. The cathode assembly consists of the cathode tube, low work function insert, heater, and keeper. An internal plasma is generated by flowing propellant through the cathode and heating the low work function insert to thermionically emit electrons off the surface. The electrons collide with the neutral atoms to ionize a portion of the propellant to create the plasma. The keeper is biased positive of the cathode to draw the electrons out of the cathode and into the main discharge chamber.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-7c41e4d\" data-id=\"7c41e4d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a6efe60 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"a6efe60\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"225\" src=\"https:\/\/www.engr.colostate.edu\/laboratories\/ceppe\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/13\/2021\/06\/20060606-CSU-Multi-Insert-Hollow-Cathode-300x225.jpeg\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium wp-image-77\" alt=\"a person measuring as light expands\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.engr.colostate.edu\/laboratories\/ceppe\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/13\/2021\/06\/20060606-CSU-Multi-Insert-Hollow-Cathode-300x225.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/www.engr.colostate.edu\/laboratories\/ceppe\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/13\/2021\/06\/20060606-CSU-Multi-Insert-Hollow-Cathode-1024x768.jpeg 1024w, https:\/\/www.engr.colostate.edu\/laboratories\/ceppe\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/13\/2021\/06\/20060606-CSU-Multi-Insert-Hollow-Cathode-768x576.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/www.engr.colostate.edu\/laboratories\/ceppe\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/13\/2021\/06\/20060606-CSU-Multi-Insert-Hollow-Cathode.jpeg 1280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7f0dbba3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7f0dbba3\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6cb4694c\" data-id=\"6cb4694c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cf239a3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"cf239a3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"289\" height=\"191\" src=\"https:\/\/www.engr.colostate.edu\/laboratories\/ceppe\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/13\/2021\/06\/hc_1a.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-78\" alt=\"Hollow cathode diagram. Electrons are emitted from the insert to produce the plasma.\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8362f2a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8362f2a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"body-text\"><em>Hollow cathode diagram. Electrons are emitted from the insert to produce the plasma.<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-451a8027\" data-id=\"451a8027\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5465a53 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"5465a53\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"135\" height=\"147\" src=\"https:\/\/www.engr.colostate.edu\/laboratories\/ceppe\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/13\/2021\/06\/hc_1b_a.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-79\" alt=\"Hollow cathode, insert, and front view with keeper.\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-79957c3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"79957c3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"135\" height=\"140\" src=\"https:\/\/www.engr.colostate.edu\/laboratories\/ceppe\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/13\/2021\/06\/hc_1b_b.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-80\" alt=\"Hollow cathode, insert, and front view with keeper.\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ae2c00d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ae2c00d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"body-text\"><em>Hollow cathode, insert, and front view with keeper.<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c020e17\" data-id=\"c020e17\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ebfe4e8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"ebfe4e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"527\" height=\"391\" src=\"https:\/\/www.engr.colostate.edu\/laboratories\/ceppe\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/13\/2021\/06\/20141205-CSU-Multi-Insert-Hollow-Cathode-at-100-A.jpeg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-81\" alt=\"Green flame\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.engr.colostate.edu\/laboratories\/ceppe\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/13\/2021\/06\/20141205-CSU-Multi-Insert-Hollow-Cathode-at-100-A.jpeg 527w, https:\/\/www.engr.colostate.edu\/laboratories\/ceppe\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/13\/2021\/06\/20141205-CSU-Multi-Insert-Hollow-Cathode-at-100-A-300x223.jpeg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 527px) 100vw, 527px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a0ce97 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a0ce97\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"body-text\"><em>CSU has operated a multi-insert hollow cathode up to 100A of emission.\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-0f95700 elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"0f95700\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-f879987\" data-id=\"f879987\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-41eeb6e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"41eeb6e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-9fb5dc4\" data-id=\"9fb5dc4\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-753fa75 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"753fa75\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"body-text\">One past focus of research at CSU was investigating and characterizing the plasma produced near the hollow cathode. This research was important with respect to thruster life tests, which have shown erosion to the hollow cathode, keeper, and ion optics, presumably caused by ions produced in the surrounding plasma. The erosion has the potential to limit the life of the thruster, especially for long duration missions. Researchers have proposed theories as to how plasma ions are produced that would erode the cathode. Some ideas are potential hills, magnetohydrodynamic effects, charge exchange energy gains, multiply charged ions, and turbulent oscillating plasmas.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d31af75 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d31af75\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8800172\" data-id=\"8800172\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f47b0af elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"f47b0af\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"289\" height=\"194\" src=\"https:\/\/www.engr.colostate.edu\/laboratories\/ceppe\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/13\/2021\/06\/hc_2a.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-82\" alt=\"\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2b2bf22 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2b2bf22\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"body-text\"><em>Discharge chamber schematic.<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-58b16e0\" data-id=\"58b16e0\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a48d1d0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"a48d1d0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"289\" height=\"217\" src=\"https:\/\/www.engr.colostate.edu\/laboratories\/ceppe\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/13\/2021\/06\/hc_2b.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-83\" alt=\"\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-044d386 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"044d386\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"body-text\"><em>CSU plasma discharge chamber.<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b8030be elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b8030be\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6b84a93\" data-id=\"6b84a93\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-b37a50c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b37a50c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-568c871\" data-id=\"568c871\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c965705 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c965705\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"body-text\">In experimental work done recently at CSU, hollow cathodes have been studied in an environment similar to that of an actual ion thruster. A discharge chamber has been setup with similar operating conditions to the NSTAR ion thruster. Various diagnostic tools, such as electrostatic analyzers, ExB probes, retarding potential analyzers, emissive probes, and Langmuir probes are being used to study the plasma.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ef74014 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ef74014\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-5847f54\" data-id=\"5847f54\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6f4c2db elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"6f4c2db\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"289\" height=\"267\" src=\"https:\/\/www.engr.colostate.edu\/laboratories\/ceppe\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/13\/2021\/06\/hc_3a.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-84\" alt=\"\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13ab344 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"13ab344\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"body-text\"><em>Fig. 3a CSU discharge chamber. The cathode is located near the bright plasma spot.<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a85697a\" data-id=\"a85697a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c51d26f elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"c51d26f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"289\" height=\"267\" src=\"https:\/\/www.engr.colostate.edu\/laboratories\/ceppe\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/13\/2021\/06\/hc_3b.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-85\" alt=\"\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-911d3bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"911d3bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"body-text\"><em>Fig. 3b Sample test setup to probe the discharge chamber plasma.<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-1ff4709a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"1ff4709a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-5a13b5f1\" data-id=\"5a13b5f1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6bf47a6e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6bf47a6e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-xl\">Ion Optics\n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-465865c4 elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"465865c4\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ead0c95\" data-id=\"ead0c95\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-2c81ea4b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2c81ea4b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-17ced0c\" data-id=\"17ced0c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-780e22f3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"780e22f3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"body-text\">The ion optics, or grids, are used to accelerate ions from the discharge chamber to produce thrust. Grid lifetime is limited by erosion that occurs due to impinging charge exchange ions. The speed of the expelled ions depends on the net voltage difference between the ion thruster and the surrounding beam plasma. The amount of extracted current, and thrust, depends on the plasma density within the discharge chamber as well as the voltage difference between the grids.<\/p><p>This project aims to enable perching capabilities for palm-size flying robots by integrating both computational and mechanical intelligence. For computational intelligence, we are using onboard vision systems to estimate the required parameters (e.g., time-to-contact) for perching. For mechanical intelligence, we are developing compliant legs enabled by bistable mechanisms for effectively attaching to desired objects.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-37c29628 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"37c29628\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-59d55ee0\" data-id=\"59d55ee0\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a5a0793 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"a5a0793\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"298\" height=\"277\" src=\"https:\/\/www.engr.colostate.edu\/laboratories\/ceppe\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/13\/2021\/06\/ffx_beamlet.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-86\" alt=\"\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-1d2e21f9\" data-id=\"1d2e21f9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-39a5fefd elementor-widget elementor-widget-video\" data-id=\"39a5fefd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;video_type&quot;:&quot;vimeo&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"video.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-wrapper elementor-open-inline\">\n\t\t\t<iframe class=\"elementor-video-iframe\" allowfullscreen allow=\"clipboard-write\" title=\"vimeo Video Player\" src=\"https:\/\/player.vimeo.com\/video\/566301663?color&amp;autopause=0&amp;loop=0&amp;muted=0&amp;title=1&amp;portrait=1&amp;byline=1#t=\"><\/iframe>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a68209 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a68209\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"body-text\"><em><strong>Ion Beam Animation<\/strong><\/em><\/p><p class=\"body-text\"><em>Discharge chamber ions drift until they fall downstream of the sheath, where they start to feel the pull of the negative accel grid.<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-19e67775 elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"19e67775\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-765fb2f0\" data-id=\"765fb2f0\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-7f6dec9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7f6dec9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-4a6ad605\" data-id=\"4a6ad605\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2d1ce97b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2d1ce97b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"body-text\">Over time, a &#8220;pit and groove&#8221; erosion pattern develops on the downstream side of the accel (accelerator) grid. Eventually, the grooves will wear entirely through the accel grid thickness, causing a section of the grid to dislodge, possibly resulting in a short between the grids. Alternatively, thruster failure can occur when electrons are allowed to backstream through the grids into the discharge chamber, causing heating. The accel grid is held negative to prevent this, but over time the resistance to backstreaming is reduced as the accel grid hole enlarges and the accel grid thins.<\/p><p class=\"body-text\">One goal of ion optics research is to predict, and improve, grid lifetime. Two ion optics codes have been developed at CSU, the igx and ffx codes. The igx code is a 3-D cylindrical code that analyzes typical grid sets with hexagonal aperture layout patterns. The ffx code is also 3-D, but analyzes a rectangular prism volume that can be tailored to the aperture layout pattern.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-754707c\" data-id=\"754707c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2832ffc elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"2832ffc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"493\" height=\"307\" src=\"https:\/\/www.engr.colostate.edu\/laboratories\/ceppe\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/13\/2021\/06\/ffx_ionelectron.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-87\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.engr.colostate.edu\/laboratories\/ceppe\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/13\/2021\/06\/ffx_ionelectron.png 493w, https:\/\/www.engr.colostate.edu\/laboratories\/ceppe\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/13\/2021\/06\/ffx_ionelectron-300x187.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 493px) 100vw, 493px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9ab4105 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"9ab4105\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"174\" height=\"167\" src=\"https:\/\/www.engr.colostate.edu\/laboratories\/ceppe\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/13\/2021\/06\/ffx_erosion.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-88\" alt=\"\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-4ba19a14 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"4ba19a14\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4aca7d99\" data-id=\"4aca7d99\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-76910604 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"76910604\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-xl\">Sputtering &amp; Erosion<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-634917a0 elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"634917a0\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-1329e5a\" data-id=\"1329e5a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-6bf6cd2a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6bf6cd2a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-1a443224\" data-id=\"1a443224\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26b02e43 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"26b02e43\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"body-text\">Sputter erosion of surfaces is of great importance for electric propulsion (EP) thrusters and spacecraft employing such thrusters. Sputtering has been identified as a major concern in 80% of the possible failure modes of an electrostatic thruster, and sputtering of spacecraft surfaces have resulted in property modification of surface materials. Additionally, deposition of sputtered products onto other spacecraft surfaces can result in modification of surface material properties, or contamination. In order to model the effects of sputter erosion it is critical to have detailed fundamental sputter erosion data.<\/p><p class=\"body-text\">Typically, the data used for modeling of EP lifetime (sputter erosion) and\/or erosion of spacecraft surface materials is expressed in terms of the total sputter yield, Y, (i.e. the number of sputtered atoms per incident ion) and provides no information regarding the spatial distribution of the sputtered particles. A cosine distribution of sputtered particles is often assumed regardless of the angle of incidence of the sputtering atoms or molecules. However, angularly resolved (differential sputter yield) measurements have shown that the assumption of a cosine distribution is inappropriate for low energy incident ions, especially for non-normal angles of incidence.<\/p><p class=\"body-text\">Differential yield distributions are useful, for example, in determining thruster locations where sputtered material can deposit. Such deposits can lead to build-up and flaking and may cause electrical or contamination problems. Thus, the differential yield data are of paramount importance when determining where equipment sensitive to surface contamination (e.g. optical devices and photovoltaics) can be located. Also, when designing vacuum chamber beam dumps the differential yield data could be used to determine the optimum orientation of surfaces that minimizes deposition of back-sputtered beam dump material onto EP test devices, thereby considerably improving the quality of wear test measurements. Accordingly, differential yield data can be used to significantly increase the accuracy of ion optics wear models.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c5ec969 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c5ec969\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-fe4eefa\" data-id=\"fe4eefa\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a6b990e elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"a6b990e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"313\" height=\"250\" src=\"https:\/\/www.engr.colostate.edu\/laboratories\/ceppe\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/13\/2021\/06\/sputtering_sem.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-93\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.engr.colostate.edu\/laboratories\/ceppe\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/13\/2021\/06\/sputtering_sem.png 313w, https:\/\/www.engr.colostate.edu\/laboratories\/ceppe\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/13\/2021\/06\/sputtering_sem-300x240.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 313px) 100vw, 313px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c275356 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c275356\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"body-text\"><em>Cone formation during sputtering.<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-1dbd890d\" data-id=\"1dbd890d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a2c6da1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"a2c6da1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"289\" height=\"217\" src=\"https:\/\/www.engr.colostate.edu\/laboratories\/ceppe\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/13\/2021\/06\/sputtering_spector_1.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-94\" alt=\"\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e6ad4aa elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"e6ad4aa\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"385\" height=\"289\" src=\"https:\/\/www.engr.colostate.edu\/laboratories\/ceppe\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/13\/2021\/06\/sputtering_spector_2.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-95\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.engr.colostate.edu\/laboratories\/ceppe\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/13\/2021\/06\/sputtering_spector_2.png 385w, https:\/\/www.engr.colostate.edu\/laboratories\/ceppe\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/13\/2021\/06\/sputtering_spector_2-300x225.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 385px) 100vw, 385px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c419311 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c419311\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"body-text\"><em>Spector research system set up with weight loss wear samples.<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-1bdac1d0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"1bdac1d0\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-35a05a37\" data-id=\"35a05a37\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3591eb67 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3591eb67\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-xl\">Hydroxyapatite Thin Films\n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a9e456 elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a9e456\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-5474cd23\" data-id=\"5474cd23\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-e306ca0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e306ca0\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-71573179\" data-id=\"71573179\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7977f7b0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7977f7b0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"body-text\">One of the leading causes of failures in total joint replacements is loosening of the joint stem. A loose implant can result in pain, bone death, or complete loss of joint function. This phenomenon is usually initiated by a lack of bonding between the implant surface and the natural tissue, combined with the normal loading demands to which the joint is subjected. In some procedures, bone cement is used to fill the voids between the bone and the implant surface in an effort to better secure the implant. However, use of bone cement may result in formation of debris that could affect the healing process. More recently, focus has shifted to cementless joint replacements which utilize a texturized or coated titanium surface to encourage osseointegration (bone in-growth). The focus of modifying these implants is to create more biomimetic interfaces on which the bone cells can adhere, proliferate and deposit new bone.<\/p><p>This project aims to enable perching capabilities for palm-size flying robots by integrating both computational and mechanical intelligence. For computational intelligence, we are using onboard vision systems to estimate the required parameters (e.g., time-to-contact) for perching. For mechanical intelligence, we are developing compliant legs enabled by bistable mechanisms for effectively attaching to desired objects.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-5f951617 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"5f951617\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-137c7091\" data-id=\"137c7091\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b56f176 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"b56f176\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"400\" height=\"320\" src=\"https:\/\/www.engr.colostate.edu\/laboratories\/ceppe\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/13\/2021\/06\/HA_SEM.jpeg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-96\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.engr.colostate.edu\/laboratories\/ceppe\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/13\/2021\/06\/HA_SEM.jpeg 400w, https:\/\/www.engr.colostate.edu\/laboratories\/ceppe\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/13\/2021\/06\/HA_SEM-300x240.jpeg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-46e448b1\" data-id=\"46e448b1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d0270a8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"d0270a8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"400\" height=\"331\" src=\"https:\/\/www.engr.colostate.edu\/laboratories\/ceppe\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/13\/2021\/06\/HA_Fluorescence.jpeg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-97\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.engr.colostate.edu\/laboratories\/ceppe\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/13\/2021\/06\/HA_Fluorescence.jpeg 400w, https:\/\/www.engr.colostate.edu\/laboratories\/ceppe\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/13\/2021\/06\/HA_Fluorescence-300x248.jpeg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-5402261a elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"5402261a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2e8a9acb\" data-id=\"2e8a9acb\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-7fcd8596 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7fcd8596\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-d4e00d7\" data-id=\"d4e00d7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-78facaf5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"78facaf5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"body-text\">Hydroxyapatite (Ca5(PO4)3OH) is a naturally occurring mineral that comprises 70% of healthy bone. By coating implants with a thin film of this material, the body is more willing to accept the implant and integrate it with healthy bone. Our research focuses on how to deposit and texturize the hydroxyapatite films in a way that maximizes osteoblast (bone cell) response.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-09f3763 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"09f3763\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"400\" height=\"306\" src=\"https:\/\/www.engr.colostate.edu\/laboratories\/ceppe\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/13\/2021\/06\/HA_Topography.jpeg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-98\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.engr.colostate.edu\/laboratories\/ceppe\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/13\/2021\/06\/HA_Topography.jpeg 400w, https:\/\/www.engr.colostate.edu\/laboratories\/ceppe\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/13\/2021\/06\/HA_Topography-300x230.jpeg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-30981387 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"30981387\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-10aae07e\" data-id=\"10aae07e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5c71f964 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"5c71f964\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-xl\">Emissive Membrane Ion Thruster\n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-0637606 elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"0637606\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-0f7175a\" data-id=\"0f7175a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-ed1f33c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ed1f33c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-e7f33c0\" data-id=\"e7f33c0\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e3c9e7d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e3c9e7d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"body-text\">An evolving technology that holds great potential for ion thruster applications is that associated with solid-state ionic conductors. Applications of this technology in everyday life are growing rapidly as a very wide range of new devices evolves. Presently solid-state ionic conductors are the key elements in the ubiquitous oxygen sensors used in automobile exhaust systems, in lithium ion batteries, in solid oxide fuel cells, in electrochromic windows and in some superconductors. They are a potentially attractive element for ion thrusters because they enable the production and delivery of ions to sites where they can be extracted into a beam without the complications of a plasma discharge chamber and all of its essential components (from the introduction to The Emissive Membrane Ion Thruster Concept, IEPC 2005-164).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ec83854 elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ec83854\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-446c113\" data-id=\"446c113\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-ff9336a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ff9336a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-36f1011\" data-id=\"36f1011\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ac8fbcc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ac8fbcc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"body-text\">The use of Emissive Membrane Ion Thrusters enables elimination of discharge chambers, discharge power supplies, and associated components such as magnets and hollow cathodes. This, plus a greatly simplified propellant feed system, will reduce system complexity and cost while enhancing reliability and fault tolerance compared to existing thruster technology. Current concerns with grid shorting due to grid deflection and discharge chamber flakes will also be mitigated greatly thereby enhancing reliability even more.<\/p><p class=\"body-text\">Compared to state-of-the-art ion thrusters, Emissive Membrane Ion Thrusters can operate at greater beam current densities with greater beam flatness. Because the emissive membrane can be shaped optimally they are well suited to low specific impulse operation.<\/p><p class=\"body-text\">The Emissive Membrane Ion thruster is fully scalable from nanometer dimensions without degradations in efficiency.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-c23a22b\" data-id=\"c23a22b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-eb87e03 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"eb87e03\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"580\" height=\"330\" src=\"https:\/\/www.engr.colostate.edu\/laboratories\/ceppe\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/13\/2021\/06\/EMIT.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-99\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.engr.colostate.edu\/laboratories\/ceppe\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/13\/2021\/06\/EMIT.png 580w, https:\/\/www.engr.colostate.edu\/laboratories\/ceppe\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/13\/2021\/06\/EMIT-300x171.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 580px) 100vw, 580px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1948354 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1948354\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"body-text\"><em>Concept for an Emissive Membrane Ion Thruster.<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Electric Propulsion and plasma engineering laboratory Innovating electric propulsion Exploring plasma technolgies Hall Effect Thrusters Nullam dictum felis Video should be hosted on YouTube.\u00a0 Make sure audio is set to mute. If closed captioning is not automatically added, update the transcript toggle. Nulla consequat massa quis enim. Donec pede justo, fringilla vel, aliquet nec, vulputate<a class=\"read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/www.engr.colostate.edu\/laboratories\/ceppe\/research\/\">&#8230;Read more <\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-31","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Research - Electric Propulsion and Plasma Engineering Laboratory<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"noindex, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Research - Electric Propulsion and Plasma Engineering Laboratory\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Electric Propulsion and plasma engineering laboratory Innovating electric propulsion Exploring plasma technolgies Hall Effect Thrusters Nullam dictum felis Video should be hosted on YouTube.\u00a0 Make sure audio is set to mute. If closed captioning is not automatically added, update the transcript toggle. Nulla consequat massa quis enim. Donec pede justo, fringilla vel, aliquet nec, vulputate...Read more\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.engr.colostate.edu\/laboratories\/ceppe\/research\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Electric Propulsion and Plasma Engineering Laboratory\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2025-10-21T21:00:47+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/www.engr.colostate.edu\/laboratories\/ceppe\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/13\/2021\/06\/20150326-CSU-HET-at-1.5-kW-on-Krypton-1-e1624389786605.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1500\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"1200\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"17 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.engr.colostate.edu\\\/laboratories\\\/ceppe\\\/research\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.engr.colostate.edu\\\/laboratories\\\/ceppe\\\/research\\\/\",\"name\":\"Research - Electric Propulsion and Plasma Engineering Laboratory\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.engr.colostate.edu\\\/laboratories\\\/ceppe\\\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.engr.colostate.edu\\\/laboratories\\\/ceppe\\\/research\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.engr.colostate.edu\\\/laboratories\\\/ceppe\\\/research\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.engr.colostate.edu\\\/laboratories\\\/ceppe\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/sites\\\/13\\\/2021\\\/06\\\/20150326-CSU-HET-at-1.5-kW-on-Krypton-1-1024x819.jpg\",\"datePublished\":\"2021-06-22T19:01:31+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2025-10-21T21:00:47+00:00\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.engr.colostate.edu\\\/laboratories\\\/ceppe\\\/research\\\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/www.engr.colostate.edu\\\/laboratories\\\/ceppe\\\/research\\\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.engr.colostate.edu\\\/laboratories\\\/ceppe\\\/research\\\/#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.engr.colostate.edu\\\/laboratories\\\/ceppe\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/sites\\\/13\\\/2021\\\/06\\\/20150326-CSU-HET-at-1.5-kW-on-Krypton-1-e1624389786605.jpg\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.engr.colostate.edu\\\/laboratories\\\/ceppe\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/sites\\\/13\\\/2021\\\/06\\\/20150326-CSU-HET-at-1.5-kW-on-Krypton-1-e1624389786605.jpg\",\"width\":1500,\"height\":1200,\"caption\":\"CEPPE Lab Colorado State University. The CSU 1.5 kW Hall effect thruster can be operated over a power range of 0.5 - 2.5 kW. It incorporates a center mounted heaterless electride hollow cathode for optimum performance and minimum plume divergence. At 1.5 kW, the thruster is capable of &gt;2,000 seconds Isp and &gt;60% efficiency.\"},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.engr.colostate.edu\\\/laboratories\\\/ceppe\\\/research\\\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Home\",\"item\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.engr.colostate.edu\\\/laboratories\\\/ceppe\\\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Research\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.engr.colostate.edu\\\/laboratories\\\/ceppe\\\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.engr.colostate.edu\\\/laboratories\\\/ceppe\\\/\",\"name\":\"Electric Propulsion and Plasma Engineering Laboratory\",\"description\":\"\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.engr.colostate.edu\\\/laboratories\\\/ceppe\\\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"Research - Electric Propulsion and Plasma Engineering Laboratory","robots":{"index":"noindex","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"og_locale":"en_US","og_type":"article","og_title":"Research - Electric Propulsion and Plasma Engineering Laboratory","og_description":"Electric Propulsion and plasma engineering laboratory Innovating electric propulsion Exploring plasma technolgies Hall Effect Thrusters Nullam dictum felis Video should be hosted on YouTube.\u00a0 Make sure audio is set to mute. If closed captioning is not automatically added, update the transcript toggle. Nulla consequat massa quis enim. Donec pede justo, fringilla vel, aliquet nec, vulputate...Read more","og_url":"https:\/\/www.engr.colostate.edu\/laboratories\/ceppe\/research\/","og_site_name":"Electric Propulsion and Plasma Engineering Laboratory","article_modified_time":"2025-10-21T21:00:47+00:00","og_image":[{"width":1500,"height":1200,"url":"https:\/\/www.engr.colostate.edu\/laboratories\/ceppe\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/13\/2021\/06\/20150326-CSU-HET-at-1.5-kW-on-Krypton-1-e1624389786605.jpg","type":"image\/jpeg"}],"twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_misc":{"Est. reading time":"17 minutes"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/www.engr.colostate.edu\/laboratories\/ceppe\/research\/","url":"https:\/\/www.engr.colostate.edu\/laboratories\/ceppe\/research\/","name":"Research - Electric Propulsion and Plasma Engineering Laboratory","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.engr.colostate.edu\/laboratories\/ceppe\/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.engr.colostate.edu\/laboratories\/ceppe\/research\/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.engr.colostate.edu\/laboratories\/ceppe\/research\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/www.engr.colostate.edu\/laboratories\/ceppe\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/13\/2021\/06\/20150326-CSU-HET-at-1.5-kW-on-Krypton-1-1024x819.jpg","datePublished":"2021-06-22T19:01:31+00:00","dateModified":"2025-10-21T21:00:47+00:00","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.engr.colostate.edu\/laboratories\/ceppe\/research\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/www.engr.colostate.edu\/laboratories\/ceppe\/research\/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/www.engr.colostate.edu\/laboratories\/ceppe\/research\/#primaryimage","url":"https:\/\/www.engr.colostate.edu\/laboratories\/ceppe\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/13\/2021\/06\/20150326-CSU-HET-at-1.5-kW-on-Krypton-1-e1624389786605.jpg","contentUrl":"https:\/\/www.engr.colostate.edu\/laboratories\/ceppe\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/13\/2021\/06\/20150326-CSU-HET-at-1.5-kW-on-Krypton-1-e1624389786605.jpg","width":1500,"height":1200,"caption":"CEPPE Lab Colorado State University. The CSU 1.5 kW Hall effect thruster can be operated over a power range of 0.5 - 2.5 kW. It incorporates a center mounted heaterless electride hollow cathode for optimum performance and minimum plume divergence. At 1.5 kW, the thruster is capable of &gt;2,000 seconds Isp and &gt;60% efficiency."},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/www.engr.colostate.edu\/laboratories\/ceppe\/research\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https:\/\/www.engr.colostate.edu\/laboratories\/ceppe\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Research"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/www.engr.colostate.edu\/laboratories\/ceppe\/#website","url":"https:\/\/www.engr.colostate.edu\/laboratories\/ceppe\/","name":"Electric Propulsion and Plasma Engineering Laboratory","description":"","potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/www.engr.colostate.edu\/laboratories\/ceppe\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-US"}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.engr.colostate.edu\/laboratories\/ceppe\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/31","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.engr.colostate.edu\/laboratories\/ceppe\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.engr.colostate.edu\/laboratories\/ceppe\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.engr.colostate.edu\/laboratories\/ceppe\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.engr.colostate.edu\/laboratories\/ceppe\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=31"}],"version-history":[{"count":31,"href":"https:\/\/www.engr.colostate.edu\/laboratories\/ceppe\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/31\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":538,"href":"https:\/\/www.engr.colostate.edu\/laboratories\/ceppe\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/31\/revisions\/538"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.engr.colostate.edu\/laboratories\/ceppe\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=31"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}