Link to: Woschni and Annand Heat Transfer Coefficient Applet

A correlation used to compute the space averaged instantaneous heat transfer coefficient (Woschni, 1967 , "A universally applicable equation for the instantaneous heat transfer coefficient in the internal combustion engine", SAE Paper 670931): is:

Where:

During intake, compression, and exhaust, the average gas velocity U is proportional to the mean piston speed, U_piston.

For intake and exhaust, U = 6.18 U_piston

For compression, U = 2.28 U_piston

The instantaneous heat transfer coefficient during combustion depends on the gas speed and cylinder pressure, which change significantly during the combustion process. During combustion and expansion, the gas speed U (m/s) induced by combustion is given by the following equation (Woschni, 1967) :

Where To, Vo, and Po are reference intake cylinder temperature (K), volume (m3), and pressure (Pa), V is the instantaneous cylinder volume (m3), and DP_c is the instantaneous pressure rise due to combustion relative to the unburned gas pressure at the same crankshaft angle. The unburned gas cylinder pressure is determined from thermodynamic analysis. An example pressure computation is given in the Cylinder Pressure page. For engines with significant swirl, the gas velocities are higher.

The gas properties in the correlation equation are evaluated at the instanteous average cylinder temperature determined from the ideal gas law:

Where:

If P= 500 kPa, r = 5 kg/m3, M = 40 kg/kmol,

The thermal conductivity k varies as  T^3/4 , and the viscosity varies as T^0.62 , so that the instantaneous heat transfer coefficient can be written as

If b=0.1m, P = 500 kPa, T = 1000 K, and U = 10 m/s,